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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
Artist rendition of a DMSP-5D2 satellite in orbit
Program overview
CountryUnited States
OrganizationUnited States Space Force
PurposeEarth monitoring
StatusOngoing
Program history
First flightDMSP-1 F2
23 August 1962
Last flightDMSP 5D-3/F19
3 April 2014
Launch site(s)Vandenberg Space Force Base
DMSP images of Auroral bands circling north of Scandinavia in December 2010

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) monitors meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense. The program is managed by the United States Space Force with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[1] The (originally classified) mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973. They provide cloud cover imagery from polar orbits that are Sun-synchronous at nominal altitude of 830 km (520 mi).[2]

History

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Rendering of lights on Earth's surface created using DMSP observations between 1994 and 1995

During the 1960s, one of the most important projects that the United States civil space program was involved in dealt with meteorology and weather forecasting. Unbeknownst to many, the U.S. military services were also starting up a weather satellite program. This program, the DMSP, would relay important weather and climate data to the military for more effective operations. From the onset of the DMSP program, knowledge of its existence was limited to "need-to-know" personnel. The United States Congress had assigned a substantial budget towards the civil weather satellite program; if knowledge of a second military program came out, it would have been hard for the military to justify it.[citation needed]

Initial operations of early DMSP systems provided radio return of cloud-cover imagery for planning of U.S. high-resolution photographic reconnaissance and surveillance missions, which utilized film-return systems. DMSP satellites operated in a Sun-synchronous orbit; passing over the north and south poles, the satellite would see different strips of the Earth at the same local time each day. The DMSP satellites had periods of roughly 101.0 minutes, so they would orbit the Earth 14.3 times in 24 hours. This period combined with the Sun-synchronous orbit would have the satellite pass over the whole surface of the planet twice a day.

DMSP and POES orbits shown in a GAO diagram.

The images acquired were relayed to the Earth and received by two command and readout stations [when?] established at retired Nike missile sites located near Fairchild Air Force Base in Washington State and Loring Air Force Base in Maine.[3] From these sites, the images were then sent to Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) located at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Images would then be processed, forming a mosaic representing the cloud patterns that were observed from the orbiting satellites. Meteorologists could then provide flight crews and other commanders with up-to-date observations for their particular missions. Further advancements enabled data to be collected in the visual spectrum, down to a half-moonlit scene. Infrared processing enabled night viewing. Other enhancements increased on-board processing; this includes multiple on-board computers and expanded power requirements.[citation needed]

Now in its fifth decade of service, the DMSP program has proven itself to be a valuable tool in scheduling and protecting military operations on land, at sea, and in the air. In December 1972, DMSP data was declassified and made available to the civil scientific community. On 1 June 1998, the control and maintenance of the satellites were transferred to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in order to reduce costs.[4]

DMSP was to be replaced by the Defense Weather Satellite System (DWSS) but that was cancelled in 2012. In 2017, the Air Force awarded a contract to build the first of the new defense weather satellites, the Weather System Follow-on Microwave (WSF-M) satellite.[5]

Losses of satellites

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2004 explosion

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In 2004 the USAF weather satellite DMSP Block 5D-2 F-11 (S-12) or DMSP-11, launched in 1991 and retired in 1995, exploded in orbit with debris objects generated. It seems likely the fragmentation was due to either a battery explosion or to residual fuel in the attitude control system.[6][7] Later, propulsion was identified as the "assessed cause" of DMSP-11 explosion.[8]

2015 explosion and debris field

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On 3 February 2015, the 13th DMSP satellite — DMSP-F13 launched in 1995 — exploded while in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit leaving a debris field of at least 43 to 100 large fragments and more than 50,000 pieces smaller than 1 millimeter.[9] The Joint Space Operations Center at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Lompoc, California is monitoring the expanding debris field, and "will issue conjunction warnings if necessary".[10] The cause of the explosion was the rupturing of an onboard battery due to a design flaw (no collision with another object took place).[11]

2016 failure of DMSP 19 without replacement

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On 11 February 2016, a power failure left both the command-and-control subsystem and its backup without the ability to reach the satellite's processor, according to the U.S. Air Force Space Command investigation released in July 2016 that also announced that DMSP 5D-3/F19 was considered to be 'lost'. The satellite's data can still be used, until it ceases pointing the sensors towards the Earth. The satellite was the most recent on-orbit, having been launched on 3 April 2014.[12]

The failure only left F16, F17 and F18 – all significantly past their expected 3–5 year lifespan – operational. F19's planned replacement was not carried out because Congress ordered the destruction of the already constructed F20 probe to save money by not having to pay its storage costs. It is unlikely that a new DMSP satellite would be launched before 2023; by then the three remaining satellites should no longer be operational.[13]

2016 explosion

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In October 2016, the 12th DMSP satellite - DMSP-F12 launched in 1994 - exploded in orbit. The satellite had similar battery as the one that exploded in the DMSP-13 satellite, thus raising suspicions that DMSP-12 explosion was also caused by battery problems. At the time the cause of DMSP-12's explosion was however unknown, although a collision with another object did not seem to be the cause. Apparently, very little debris (just one trackable piece) was generated in DMSP-12 explosion. DMSP-12 was decommissioned in 2008.[7]

Near collision

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In January 2017, the Joint Space Operations Center announced that two non-maneuverable satellites would come dangerously close, with a collision probability as high as 44%. DMSP F15 and Meteor 1-26 were considered to be the prime candidates for the encounter.[14] The operations center, which announced the possible collision, didn't identify the satellites involved but third party observers determined the most likely candidates.[14] The two did not collide.

NOAA 16 and 17

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The NOAA-16 and NOAA-17 weather satellites were based on the same technology as DMSP satellites. NOAA-17 disintegrated in orbit on 10 March 2021. NOAA-16 broke up in November 2015.[15]

Launch history

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Comparison of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and Operational Linescan System (OLS)

DMSP was initially known as Program 35. The first successful launch of a Program 35 spacecraft used a Scout X-2 rocket lifting off from Point Arguello near Vandenberg Space Force Base on 23 August 1962.[16][17] This was P35-2, the earlier P35-1 launch on 24 May 1962 had failed to reach orbit.[18] All five Program 35 launch attempts using Scout launch vehicle, including the two successes, were made from Vandenberg SLC-5. Other early launches were conducted using Thor-Burner launch vehicles, with Altair or Burner II upper stages. Program 35 had by this time been renamed the Data Acquisition and Processing Program, and the DAPP acronym is sometimes used for these satellites.[19] Eight satellites were launched using Atlas E launch vehicles between 1982 and 1995. Three were launched aboard Titan II vehicles between 1997 and 2003. One has been launched on a Delta IV rocket.

The most recent launch of a DMSP satellite, DMSP-F19, occurred on 3 April 2014, from Vandenberg aboard an Atlas V launch vehicle.[20]

Block 1

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The DSAP-1 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 1) satellites series, also known as P-35, was the first series of military meteorological satellites of the United States. The project designation P-698BH was used concurrently with P-35 from June 1962 and P-35 became P-417 in October 1962. The designation DMSP-1 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 1) was retroactively assigned to these satellites.

Block 2

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The DSAP-2 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 2) satellites series consisted of three modified DSAP-1 satellites, retaining the shape and dimension of the earlier series, featuring improved infrared radiometers. The designation DMSP-2 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 2) was retroactively assigned to these satellites.

Block 3

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The single DSAP-3 (Defense Satellite Application Program Block 3) was a modified DSAP-2 satellite to provide experimental tactical access to weather data, for which a tactical readout station was built near Saigon. The designation DMSP-3 (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Block 3) was retroactively assigned to this satellite.

Block 4A

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Block 5A

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Block 5B

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Block 5C

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[37]

Block 5D

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In 2015, Congress voted to terminate the DMSP program and to scrap the DMSP 5D-3/F20 satellite, ordering the Air Force to move on to a next-generation system. The Air Force had intended to keep DMSP F20 in climate-controlled storage at a Lockheed Martin clean room in Sunnyvale, California, for a time in case it needed to be called up for launch in the coming years,[46] and in the aftermath of the failure of DMSP 5D-3/F19, the USAF was reconsidering the future of DMSP-5D3 F-20. However, in late 2016, the USAF began scrapping DMSP-5D3 F-20.

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  • DMSP 4 Satellite
    DMSP 4 Satellite
  • DMSP 4A Shroud at SLC-10
    DMSP 4A Shroud at SLC-10
  • DMSP 5
    DMSP 5
  • DMSP 5A Satellite
    DMSP 5A Satellite
  • DMSP 5D-1
    DMSP 5D-1
  • DMSP 5D-2
    DMSP 5D-2
  • FAIR Operations room ca. 1977
    FAIR Operations room ca. 1977

See also

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  • NPOESS - the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System
  • Space debris

References

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  4. ^ "Factsheets : 6th Space Operations Squadron". Archived from the original on 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
  5. ^ Russell, Kendall (30 November 2017). "Ball Aerospace Wins Air Force Contract for New Weather Satellite". Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b Jonathan McDowell (2 June 2004). "Jonathan's Space Report No. 527". Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
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  9. ^ Explosion of U.S. Military Satellite May Endanger Spacecraft After All Archived 2015-05-10 at the Wayback Machine Mike Wall, SPACE.com, 8 May 2015
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  38. ^ Brian Berger, Mike Gruss (27 February 2015). "20-year-old Military Weather Satellite Apparently Exploded in Orbit". Space News.
  39. ^ "Satellite decommissioned on Space Force orders after 22 years". 24 February 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  40. ^ "DMSP Block 5D-3 Satellite Series". Earth Observation Portal. Archived from the original on 2018-03-25. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
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  45. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "DMSP-5D3 F15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20". Retrieved 12 January 2023.
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