Black hole electron

In physics, there is a speculative hypothesis that, if there were a black hole with the same mass, charge and angular momentum as an electron, it would share other properties of the electron. Most notably, Brandon Carter showed in 1968 that the magnetic moment of such an object would match that of an electron. This is interesting because calculations ignoring special relativity and treating the electron as a small rotating sphere of charge give a magnetic moment roughly half the experimental value (see Gyromagnetic ratio).

However, Carter's calculations also show that a would-be black hole with these parameters would be "super-extremal". Thus, unlike a true black hole, this object would display a naked singularity, meaning a singularity in spacetime not hidden behind an event horizon. It would also give rise to closed timelike curves.

Standard quantum electrodynamics (QED), currently the most comprehensive theory of particles, treats the electron as a point particle. There is no evidence that the electron is a black hole (or naked singularity) or not. Furthermore, since the electron is quantum-mechanical in nature, any description purely in terms of general relativity is paradoxical until a better model based on understanding of quantum nature of blackholes and gravitational behaviour of quantum particles is developed by research. Hence, the idea of a black hole electron remains strictly hypothetical.

Details

An article published in 1938 by Albert Einstein, Leopold Infeld, and Banesh Hoffmann showed that if elementary particles are treated as singularities in spacetime it is unnecessary to postulate geodesic motion as part of general relativity. The electron may be treated as such a singularity.

If one ignores the electron's angular momentum and charge, as well as the effects of quantum mechanics, one can treat the electron as a black hole and attempt to compute its radius. The Schwarzschild radius r_s of a mass m is the radius of the event horizon for a non-rotating uncharged black hole of that mass. It is given by $$r_{\text{s}}={\frac {2Gm}{c^{2}}},$$ where G is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, and c is the speed of light. For the electron,

m = 9.109×10⁻³¹ kg,

so

r_s = 1.353×10⁻⁵⁷ m.

Thus, if we ignore the electric charge and angular momentum of the electron and apply general relativity on this very small length scale without taking quantum theory into account, a black hole of the electron's mass would have this radius.

In reality, physicists expect quantum-gravity effects to become significant even at much larger length scales, comparable to the Planck length $$\ell _{\text{P}}={\sqrt {\frac {G\hbar }{c^{3}}}}=1.616\times 10^{-35}~{\text{m}}.$$

So, the above purely classical calculation cannot be trusted. Furthermore, even classically, electric charge and angular momentum affect the properties of a black hole. To take them into account, while still ignoring quantum effects, one should use the Kerr–Newman metric. If we do, we find that the angular momentum and charge of the electron are too large for a black hole of the electron's mass: a Kerr–Newman object with such a large angular momentum and charge would instead be "super-extremal", displaying a naked singularity, meaning a singularity not shielded by an event horizon.

To see that this is so, it suffices to consider the electron's charge and neglect its angular momentum. In the Reissner–Nordström metric, which describes electrically charged but non-rotating black holes, there is a quantity r_q, defined by $$r_{q}={\sqrt {\frac {q^{2}G}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}c^{4}}}},$$ where q is the electron's charge, and ε₀ is the vacuum permittivity. For an electron with q = −e = −1.602×10⁻¹⁹ C, this gives a value

r_q = 1.3807×10⁻³⁶ m.

Since this (vastly) exceeds the Schwarzschild radius, the Reissner–Nordström metric has a naked singularity.

If we include the effects of the electron's rotation using the Kerr–Newman metric, there is still a naked singularity, which is now a ring singularity, and spacetime also has closed timelike curves. The size of this ring singularity is on the order of $$r_{a}={\frac {J}{mc}},$$ where as before m is the electron's mass, and c is the speed of light, but J = $\hbar /2$ is the spin angular momentum of the electron. This gives

r_a = 1.9295×10⁻¹³ m,

which is much larger than the length scale r_q associated with the electron's charge. As noted by Carter, this length r_a is on the order of the electron's Compton wavelength. Unlike the Compton wavelength, it is not quantum-mechanical in nature.

More recently, Alexander Burinskii has pursued the idea of treating the electron as a Kerr–Newman naked singularity.

See also

• Quantum gravity
• Abraham–Lorentz force
• Black hole thermodynamics
• Entropic force
• Hawking radiation
• List of quantum gravity researchers
• Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain
• Gravitation
• Induced gravity
• Geon (physics)
• Micro black hole
• Geometrodynamics

Further reading

• Duff, Michael (1994). Kaluza–Klein theory in perspective. arXiv:hep-th/9410046. Bibcode:1995okml.book...22D.
• Hawking, Stephen (1971). "Gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 152: 75. Bibcode:1971MNRAS.152...75H. doi:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75.
• Penrose, Roger (2004). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Salam, Abdus (1975). "Impact of quantum gravity theory on particle physics". In Isham, C. J.; Penrose, Roger; Sciama, D. W. (eds.). Quantum gravity: an Oxford symposium. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851943-0.
• 't Hooft, Gerard (1990). "The black hole interpretation of string theory". Nuclear Physics B. 335 (1): 138–154. Bibcode:1990NuPhB.335..138T. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(90)90174-C.

Popular literature

• Greene, Brian (2000). The elegant universe: superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-70811-4. (See chapter 13)
• Wheeler, John Archibald; Ford, Kenneth William (1998). Geons, black holes, and quantum foam : a life in physics. New York: Norton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-393-04642-7. (See chapter 10)