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A&W Restaurants

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This article is about the American restaurant chain. For the Canadian restaurant chain, see A&W (Canada).

A&W Restaurants, Inc.
A&W All American Food
Company typePrivate
IndustryRestaurants
GenreFast food
FoundedJune 1919; 105 years ago (1919-06)[1]
Lodi, California
FounderRoy W. Allen
Frank Wright
Headquarters
Lexington, Kentucky
,
United States[2]
Number of locations
900+[3]
Area served
  • United States
  • Southeast Asia
Key people
Kevin Bazner (CEO)
Dale Mulder (Chairman)[3]
ProductsHamburgers, fried chicken and tenders, hot dogs, root beer, root beer floats, cheese curds, waffles, soft serve, french fries, milkshakes and rice
RevenueIncrease $330 million[3] (2020)
OwnerA Great American Brand, LLC
Number of employees
approx. 35,000 (2019[4])
Websiteawrestaurants.com

A&W Restaurants, Inc. (also known as Allen & Wright Restaurants) is an American fast food restaurant chain distinguished by its "Burger Family" combos, draft root beer and root beer floats.[5][6] The oldest extant restaurant chain in the United States[7] (the oldest being the Harvey House),[8] A&W's origins date back to 1919 when Roy W. Allen set up a roadside drink stand to offer a new thick and creamy drink, root beer, at a parade honoring returning World War I veterans in Lodi, California.[9][5] Allen's employee Frank Wright partnered with him in 1922 and they founded their first restaurant in Sacramento, California, in 1923.[1] The company name was taken from the initials of their last names – Allen and Wright. The company became famous in the United States for its "frosty mugs" – the mugs were kept in a freezer and filled with A&W Root Beer just before being served to customers.

Evolving into a franchise in 1926, the company today has over 900 locations in 16 countries, with 460 in the United States,[10] Southeast Asian countries and Germany, serving a fast-food menu of hamburgers, hot dogs and French fries.[11] A number of outlets serve as drive-in restaurants that have carhops.[12] Previously owned by Yum! Brands, the chain was sold in December 2011 to a consortium of A&W franchisees through A Great American Brand, LLC.[6][13] A&W restaurants in Canada have been part of a separate and unaffiliated chain since 1972.

History

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Founding and early years

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On June 20, 1919, Roy W. Allen opened his first root beer stand in Lodi, California. The first day was for a homecoming celebration of soldiers who returned from battle in World War I.[14] The following day, his stand was open for regular customers, selling root beer glasses for 5 cents (equivalent to $0.88 in 2023).[15][16] The following year, Allen opened a second stand in Stockton, California.[14] Shortly afterward, the effect of the period of prohibition that existed in the United States from 1920 to 1933 gave Allen and his stand with a beverage with "beer" in the name a heavy rebound.[17] Four years later, A&W began when Allen and Frank Wright opened their drive-in restaurant in Sacramento, California, combining both of their initials for the name, and selling the root beer from Allen's stand. Curbside service was provided by tray boys and tray girls. In 1924, Allen purchased Frank Wright's stake in the business. In 1925, Allen began franchising the root beer, while the franchisee added the other menu items and operated at their discretion. Most of the restaurants that opened under this scheme were on the highways of the Central Valley region, mainly for travelers.[17] This may have arguably been the first successful food-franchising operation. Allen sold the company in 1950 and retired.[9]

A&W's initial menu relied heavily on root beer and snacks, such as popcorn and peanuts, as well as sandwiches on sliced bread.[17]

In 1927, J. Willard Marriott gained franchise rights for Washington, D.C. and the neighboring cities of Baltimore and Richmond. Subsequently, he moved to Washington to open a root beer stand with Hugh Colton. These stands subsequently became Hot Shoppes, paving the way for the later creation of one of the largest hospitality corporations in the world.[18] As of 1933, A&W had a total of 171 stands,[14] increasing to 260 by 1941.[19]

A&W survived the Great Depression and labor shortages during World War II but benefitted from the post-war recovery of the American economy, with fast food and drive-in restaurants beginning to take shape.[17] The first franchise convention was held in La Crosse, Wisconsin in 1949, but was limited to Wisconsin franchisees.[20]

Expansion

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A 1950s A&W Burger Family display in Hillsboro, Oregon[21]
A&W Restaurant at the EkoCheras Mall, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

In the expansion years of the 1950s and 1960s, franchisees were signing 20- or 25-year contracts under the older model.[9] The chain expanded into Canada in 1956, opening restaurants in Winnipeg and Montreal. By 1960, A&W had 2,000 restaurants.[5][22] In November 1956, F. R. "Fran" Loetterle became the president of the chain.[23]

In 1963, the chain opened its first store on Okinawa, which at the time was under American control.[24] In the following years, the chain branched into other foreign markets, including Guam (first territory outside of the American continent to open a restaurant, in 1961),[25] opened by Scotty Moylan,[26] Mexico,[27] the Philippines (some sources say it opened in the 1990s[28]) and Malaysia.[5] The first restaurant in Malaysia (Malaya at the time) was opened on December 24 that year[29] by Al and Geri Lieboff, a couple from Las Vegas, who got the franchising rights for Malaysia and Singapore. Setting up the chain seemed to be complicated, as they were unable to find a proper site, and in the recruitment process, Malayans had no consent to adorning Western "cabaret girl" style clothes.[clarification needed] Already at the time of setup, kids were starting to favor chicken, burgers, and hot dogs rather than rice and curry, and within the next five years, would also see a rise in new locations up to 22 within five years.[30]

The first restaurant in Europe opened in Mannheim (near Stuttgart), West Germany in 1962.[31] At the time, a city influenced by US military presence, the restaurant was showing signs of success for its novelty, the first drive-in restaurant in Germany, and had already made headlines in German newspapers. At the time, it was the 2283rd overall founded by the chain.[32] There were already plans to introduce restaurants and drive-ins in other key European markets, such as the United Kingdom, according to the chain's president.[33]

Dale Mulder opened up a Lansing, Michigan A&W franchise in 1961.[9] In 1963, Mulder added the bacon cheeseburger to his menu after a customer made repeated orders for bacon to be added to his cheeseburger. Thus A&W is credited with inventing the bacon cheeseburger.[34]

United Fruit Co. and United Brands Company subsidiary

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In 1963, the company was sold again, followed by another sale in 1967 to United Fruit Co. conglomerate. AMK Corporation purchased United Fruit in 1970. Then AMK formed United Brands Company to hold A&W.[9][5]

In 1971, A&W Beverages Inc.—a beverage subsidiary—began supplying bottled A&W products to grocery stores. The bottled products would become available nationally.[9] In 1972, A&W's Canadian division was sold to Unilever.

A&W attempted to open restaurants in mainland Japan in the early 1970s, specifically in Fukuoka prefecture and the regions of Kanto and Kansai. The chain's performance on the mainland was sluggish in contrast to Okinawa due to several factors, such as the 1973 oil crisis, prompting the chain to withdraw from the market. A&W's Japanese operations are still handled from Okinawa.[35] There were further fruitless attempts to bring the chain to the mainland: in the 1980s, the Okinawan branch briefly attempted to open restaurants in Kagoshima Prefecture but ended up limiting itself to Okinawa,[36] while in the 2000s a pilot restaurant existed in Tokyo, which was quickly withdrawn.[37]

1978 saw the introduction of a standard menu for use in all restaurants in the USA.[38]

In the 1970s, A&W had more stores than McDonald's,[39] with a peak in 1974 of 2,400 units.[9] Oshkosh, Wisconsin, franchise manager Jim Brajdic said: "Problems back then, including a lawsuit, franchisee discontent, and inconsistencies in the operation, caused the chain to flounder and branches to close."[39] A&W moved to a modern-style franchise agreement that introduced royalty payments and new standards. However, many franchisees refused the revised terms as their 20- or 25-year original agreements expired.[example needed] In 1980, the number of restaurants had fallen to 1,300 in the United States (mostly in the Midwest and the North West), Asia, and Europe. In 1980, the Singaporean franchisee Temenggong Ltd. had increased the number of restaurants in the country, while nine new restaurants were planned in Malaysia. There were also plans to open restaurants in the Philippines and Hong Kong.[40] In 1983, A&W opened its first restaurant in Thailand, at the Central Ladprao shopping mall in Bangkok.[41]

In 1985,[42] A&W began offering the Third Pounder to compete with McDonald's Quarter Pounder. As advertised, the Third beat the Quarter in taste tests and was less expensive by weight. In his 2007 memoir, former owner A. Alfred Taubman claimed research had revealed that it had been unsuccessful in part due to Americans' widespread innumeracy, specifically their inability to understand fractions: 1/3 was perceived as smaller than 1/4 (due to the smaller denominator) despite being a larger quantity.[43] The burger was relaunched in 2021 as the 3/9 Pound burger, humorously attempting to capitalize on the now-popular fractions misunderstanding story.[44]

Taubman Investment Co. subsidiary

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In 1982, A. Alfred Taubman purchased A&W[45] and placed it under Taubman Investment Co.[9] Taubman only purchased the restaurant company and not A&W Beverages. The chain dropped to fewer than 500 locations in the mid-1980s. A freeze on issuing franchises was put in place.[9] Taubman wanted to restructure the chain by changing its "outdated" image.[46] Franchisees were being neglected in the United Fruit phase. Taubman opted to withdraw agreements with 100 franchisees that were performing poorly and ousted 80% of its workforce. With this, the new management decided to split its fast-food restaurants into two units – the conventional orange roof A&W restaurants, which were still the majority, and A&W Great Food Restaurants.[46]

In 1985, the chain struggled in Singapore, losing its relevance to newer, larger chains and its dominance in the fried chicken area to KFC. The chain was about to amp up its operations in the Asian region, with a possible launch in Hong Kong as well as three new restaurants in Thailand.[47]

On April 21, 1985, its first restaurant opened in Indonesia, in the Melawai area of South Jakarta, its capital.[48][49] Currently, Indonesia is the chain's largest international market, which as of February 2023 claimed 243 restaurants in 30 cities.[50] A restaurant in Ximending, Taiwan opened on February 22, 1986.[51] Its two units in Kuwait were closed in 1988 owing to security concerns.[52]

On March 6, 1988, the first conventional A&W outlet opened in the Philippines at Fiesta Carnival in Cubao, followed by a second at Gift Gate Center on November 26. The second restaurant's reputation was damaged by a fire of unknown origin that broke out in May 1990. Nonetheless, the chain expanded with new outlets and products by the end of 1990. The Philippine chain was the first A&W to introduce chicken nuggets, a product that even the American operations wanted from there.[53] The chain also sponsored a team in the Philippine Basketball League, which they withdrew in 1992.[54]

A&W Great Food Restaurants

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Lodi the birthplace of A&W Root Beer since 1919

A new format concept, A&W Great Food Restaurants, was developed. Ten corporate-owned locations were opened to test the concept: a sit-down, upscale, family-theme restaurant with a large salad bar and homemade ice cream.[9] The first such branch opened in 1978 (1979, according to some sources[46]) at the Lake Forest Shopping Mall in Gaithersburg, Maryland.[55] Emphasis in these restaurants was made on low-calorie foods that covered almost the entirety of the foods found in the fast-food spectrum, except pizza. By 1986, there were plans to have 250 to 300 locations within ten years.[46]

A&W Root Beer and restaurant in Lodi, California

In 1987, the company was headquartered in Livonia, Michigan, and Mulder became CEO and president. The freeze was lifted, and a push occurred in 1986, adding 60 franchise units.[9] In 1989, A&W made an agreement with Minnesota-based Carousel Snack Bars to convert that chain's 200 stores (mostly kiosks in shopping malls) to A&W Hot Dogs & More.[22][56] Some A&W Hot Dogs & More are still operating.[39] In the same year, A&W bought the Burger City chain, converting its nine drive-thru kiosks to A&W units.[57]

George E. Michel, who had worked with the Canadian chain for twenty years, was appointed president of the American A&W Restaurants in January 1991, becoming CEO in January 1992.[58]

Yorkshire Global Restaurants subsidiary

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In 1995, Taubman sold A&W to Sidney Feltenstein.[45] A&W merged with Long John Silver's to form Yorkshire Global Restaurants based in Lexington, Kentucky. In 2000, Yorkshire agreed to test multi-branded locations with Tricon Global Restaurants. By March 2002, the Yorkshire-Tricon multi-branding test consisted of 83 KFC/A&Ws, six KFC/Long John Silver's, and three Taco Bell/Long John Silver's and was considered successful by the companies.[59]

An agreement was signed in 1996 with Wal-Mart to provide restaurants in seven locations. The menu would add items depending on the region, with the rest being its standard fare.[60] In 1997, A&W acquired Carousel Snack Bars, including its 175 units in malls.[61] The chain relocated its corporate headquarters to Farmington Hills on March 30, 1998. As part of a $80 million expansion plan, there were plans to open 500 restaurants in two years and close 100 outdated restaurants.[62]

Remains of a former A&W restaurant the Beijing Puppet Art Theatre (April 2024)

A&W entered the mainland Chinese market in 1996, the franchisee for the country being Aidewei, and had eight restaurants in Beijing.[63] Later, due to arrears of franchise fees since 2000, Adway lost the A&W trademark in 2002. The eight restaurants weren't operating well and were plagued by mismanagement. An outlet in Yansha with 140 seats in a crowded, strategic location turned out to have limited business, while the restaurant in Anzhen had few customers.[63] Following the buyout of the parent chain by Yum! Brands in 2002, it was announced in March 2003 that negotiations with Adway had broken down, leading to the franchisee's bankruptcy that same year. The restaurants closed successively from October 2002 to September 2003.[64] The "father of American fast food," as dubbed by the Chinese press, didn't convince the local culture and tastes, especially with the rise of local fast food.[63]

In 1997 a small A&W restaurant opened in Festivalgate in Osaka, offering standard A&W fare.[65] The restaurant closed in 1999.[66]

The first co-branded A&W restaurant, tied with Mexican food chain Amigos, opened in Lincoln in 1997.[67] The restaurant in Lodi took part in a world record for the largest root beer float of 2562.5 gallons on June 19, 1999, the eve of the eightieth anniversary of the chain.[68] That same year, the chain attempted to enter the Korean market by finding local partners,[69][70][71] aiming to grow in the Korean market in the first half of 2000. The plan was ultimately shelved.[72]

Yum! Brands subsidiary

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A co-branded A&W and Long John Silver's in Gillette, Wyoming

In March 2002, Yorkshire merged with Tricon Global Restaurants to form Yum! Brands.[59][73] Subsequently, in January 2003, Yum! announced that A&W and Long John Silver's would move their operational base from Lexington to Louisville, as operating the chains from Lexington was considered "impractical and cost-inefficient", preferring to operate all of its chains from Louisville.[74] Under Yum's management, A&W added franchises with a nostalgic look and modern technology. They have a carhop design with drive-thrus, and some have picnic tables.[39] The chain didn't seek to compete against McDonald's, instead preferring to carve up its own niche. 2004 saw the return of the Papa Burger brand at a restaurant in Dayton - the Burger Family brand originally retired in the United States in the 1980s, being replaced by the Deluxe Burgers - and was the only name of the old line that was reinstated, with the other burgers having new names.[75]

In September 2001 the Singapore branch was taken over by KUB, who also oversaw the restaurants in Malaysia. At the time of takeover, it had twelve restaurants, but by November 2002, the number had dwindled to eight. Its restaurants had already been downgraded: the Ang Mo Kio restaurant shut down, the Tampines restaurant refused to repair its air conditioning systems, and cable TV was switched off in all outlets. Food sales had decreased by about 5-12%.[76] The chain quit the Philippine market in 2004 owing to several factors: lack of interest in its standard fare, lack of interest among locals, expensive cost and a general sense of unfamiliarity with local palates. The chain failed to adapt to local tastes and quietly shut down in the summer of 2004.[77]

Joint KFC/A&W restaurant in Cologne, Germany, in November 2003

The chain attempted to enter large European markets thanks to joints with KFC. In Germany the first non-military A&W restaurant opened in Garbsen near Hanover on May 27, 2003[78] followed by a second in Cologne in July. A third in Berlin was scheduled for early September.[79]

A&W opened its first outlet in Bangladesh on December 15, 2004.[80] There is currently one outlet in Gulshan.[81] Indonesia hit a record milestone, as the hundredth restaurant opened in Bintaro Utama on October 20, 2004.[48] By the end of 2004, all A&W restaurants in the Philippines were closed.[82]

Most A&W stores that opened in the U.S. during Yum!'s ownership were co-branded with another of Yum!'s chains—Long John Silver's, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, or KFC.[11]

In 2009, its operations in Southeast Asia were in a mixed situation. Operations in Indonesia and Bangladesh were thriving, while the restaurants in Thailand and Malaysia were facing uncertainties. The Malaysian franchisee KUB planned to increase the number of restaurants to 60, up from 37 in 2012, despite net losses of $1.5 million.[83]

A Great American Brand LLC

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A&W Ice Cold Root Beer Restaurant Neon Sign - La Crosse, Wisconsin in 2016

In January 2011, Yum! Brands announced its intention to sell A&W along with Long John Silver's. Citing poor sales for both divisions and overshadowing by its other chains,[84] Yum! planned to focus on international expansion for its remaining brands, with particular emphasis on growth in China.[85] In September 2011, Yum! announced that it would sell the chain to A Great American Brand, a consortium of various A&W franchisees in the United States and overseas.[73] The sale was finalized on December 19, 2011, under the leadership of returning CEO Kevin M. Bazner.[13] Administration of A Great American Brand was divided between the national A&W franchisee association, the largest overseas franchisee and Bazner. With the purchase, A&W relocated its headquarters back to Lexington, employing a staff of 30 in late 2011, aiming to double to 60 within a five-year period while setting a growth target after that. Potential targets for growth were going to be small towns, as well as non-conventional locations, such as shopping malls, airports and universities. The chain had 1,200 restaurants at the time, 850 of which were in the US, with the remaining primarily in Asia. The chain, instead of competing heavily against larger chains, continued to rely on its core strength, smaller cities and towns of the USA.[84]

In early 2013, A&W introduced its first new product in several years: a six-ounce version of its soft-serve blended dessert treat. Mini Polar Swirls were the first product to be launched on Vine.[86] The following summer, 250 of A&W's restaurants began hand-breading their chicken tenders, moving towards higher-quality menu items and expanding their chicken category. In April 2014, the Hand-Breaded Chicken Tender Texas Toast Sandwich was added to the menu as a limited-time offering, along with a campaign to create the world's longest branded hashtag.[87] In June 2014, A&W launched two new flavors of its Polar Swirl dessert treat: Sour Patch Kids and Nutter Butter.[88]

A&W Burgers Chicken Floats in Lexington, Kentucky in 2017

In October 2013, A&W opened its first new concept restaurant, A&W Burgers Chicken Floats.[89] The new concept focuses on fresh made-to-order food and heavily emphasizes customer service. The menu features burgers made with fresh beef and a choice of toppings, hand-breaded chicken tenders, all-beef hot dogs, and several sides.

For 2018, A&W projected an increase in its franchising operations and opening new restaurants.[90]

In April 2019, A&W returned to Singapore after a 16-year absence, its first location being at Jewel Changi Airport.[91][92]

In June 2019, A&W became the first franchise restaurant chain to turn 100.[93] The chain started moving its headquarters to the University of Kentucky Coldstream Research Campus in 2019.[94]

A&W announced in March 2022 that it was going to withdraw from the Thai market due to economic losses. The restaurants shut down on March 20.[95][96]

There are nearly 1,000 A&W Restaurants worldwide with approximately 600 in the U.S.[93]

Operations

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A&W is the only major fast-food chain in the United States to be owned entirely by franchisees since the 2011 sale from Yum! Brands to A Great American Brand, LLC., which is mostly under the control of the National A&W Franchisee Association (NAWFA). The current owners rely heavily on single-brand restaurants, in contrast to combined, co-branded restaurants, which came from prior administrations. As of December 2021, there were 900 restaurants in the US and Asia.[97] In the United States alone, the states with the most restaurants are California, followed by Wisconsin and Michigan.[98]

Advertising

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A&W doesn't do national advertising; the primary factor for such being the lack of restaurants in certain parts of the United States.[99] Its first attempt at doing a national television commercial was on June 16, 1969, when it booked for a slot on NBC's Monday Night at the Movies to advertise take-home gallons of root beer.[100]

In 1976, A&W Restaurants participated in the Easter Seals Telethon, where money from large root beer mugs was collected by the local restaurant on behalf of the TV station broadcasting the telethon in the area.[101]

In January 2013, A&W Restaurants appointed Lexington-based advertising agency Cornett Integrated Marketing as its new agency of record.[102] The contract was renewed in January 2024.[103]

In January 2019, ahead of its hundredth anniversary, A&W removed the ampersand from its logo as part of a tongue-in-cheek campaign to bring back the ampersand to the alphabet as its 27th letter.[104]

A&W supports Disabled American Veterans and, since 2013, collects funds for it on National Root Beer Float Day, which is observed on August 6. Donation figures for 2019 were of a record $175,000.[105] In the 2000s it was held in June and was known as National Float Day.[106]

A&W unveiled a new campaign in 2024, capitalizing on the ampersand of its logo and the tagline Burgers, Floats & Then Some. Packaging was also changed accordingly.[107]

Mascots

[edit]
The roadside sign in front of the Middlebury, Vermont, location featuring the bear

In the 1960s, a character named Chubby Chicken appeared on all Chubby burgers.[108]

In 1963, A&W introduced four choices of hamburgers and their corresponding Burger Family members: Papa Burger, Mama Burger, Teen Burger, and Baby Burger.[108][109][21] Each burger had a wrapper featuring a cartoon image of the corresponding character.

The chain in the United States also used Dennis the Menace as a bespoke mascot in the 1960s, with special comics for the restaurants appearing mainly in print advertising.[110]

A Rooty (Great Root Bear) statue at the Wittenberg, Wisconsin location in 1988

Rooty, the Great American Root Bear, originated as a prototype mascot in kids' meals in the US, but it was in Canada in 1974 that it gained further recognition,[111] as a counter to the Ronald McDonald character of McDonald's[5][11] and first appeared in the United States and in Asia shortly afterwards.[112] However, the character's introduction was almost aborted when marketing received focus group research results that reported a poor reaction to him [citation needed]. In reaction, the marketing director, acting on instinct about the appeal of the character, ordered the researcher to return to Toronto with the cover story that he never presented the report. The researcher complied, and Rooty was presented to the franchisees as is. Rooty proved a popular marketing success.[113] Rooty's adoption implied the phasing out of the Burger Family and the renaming of almost all of the burgers in the line outside of Canada.[114]

Throughout the 1970s, '80s, and '90s, Rooty was the face of A&W, both the bottled drinks and the restaurant chain, on television and print advertising. His presence all but disappeared in the late 1990s, but in 2011, under A Great American Brand's ownership, Rooty came out of retirement. He has since been featured in print ads, on A&W's website, as the voice of their official Twitter account, and in a variety of YouTube and Vine videos.[115] A bronze statue of the bear was erected at the lobby of the current headquarters.[116] In 2013, Rooty became the first mascot to have an official LinkedIn profile,[117] which was quickly shut down as Rooty was not considered "real" by the authorities at Linkedin.[115]

The mascot made national headlines on January 24, 2023, when a parody tweet referencing the M&M's controversy was posted to its social media profiles, showing Rooty wearing pants, claiming that the mascot's lack of pants was "polarizing".[118] Outrage started emerging from conservative sectors, including Fox News (the report also aired on sister network Fox Business), claiming it to be real.[119] In a follow-up tweet, A&W said that the announcement was a joke.[120] Spokesperson Liz Bazner said that the initial post was "purely in jest" and that A&W has no plans to change Rooty's outfit.[121]

In March 1998, the characters from the comic strip "Blondie," including Blondie and Dagwood Bumstead, were licensed for use at A&W franchises as part of an "All American Food" campaign.[122] A tie-in burger was scheduled for July that year.[62]

[edit]
  • Fried chicken with rice, Jakarta, Indonesia
    Fried chicken with rice, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • A&W waffles ice cream, Malaysia
    A&W waffles ice cream, Malaysia
  • An A&W drive-in, in New York, 1973
    An A&W drive-in, in New York, 1973

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Jakle, John A.; Sculle, Keith A. (1999). Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801869204. Retrieved August 25, 2013 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Sloan, Scott (December 9, 2011). "A&W returning headquarters to Lexington". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "May 2021 A&W Fact Sheet" (PDF). May 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2021.
  4. ^ "A&W Franchising Overview".
  5. ^ a b c d e f Smith, A.F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Oxford Companions. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-530796-2. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Patton, Janet (August 4, 2017). "After Yum, A&W returned to its roots: Real root beer, burgers". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  7. ^ Kumer, Emma B. (May 27, 2020). "These Are 15 of the Oldest Chain Restaurants in the Country". Reader's Digest. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
  8. ^ Chan, Amy (June 9, 2017). "The First: Chain Restaurant". HistoryNet. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Deck, Cecilia (November 19, 1989). "Fast-food Pioneer A&w Survives To Map Comeback". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  10. ^ "Number of A&W Restaurants locations in the United States in 2024". Scrape Hero. Retrieved September 20, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Smith, A.F. (2012). Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat. ABC-CLIO. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-313-39393-8. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  12. ^ Restaurant Business. Restaurant Business. 1995. p. 182. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  13. ^ a b "It's Final! Franchisees Buy Out Franchisor A&W". Blue Maumau. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  14. ^ a b c The American Drive-In Restaurant, by Michael Witzel, 1994, page 51.
  15. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  16. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 8.
  17. ^ a b c d "Float On: 100 Years of A&W". The San Francisco Chronicle. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  18. ^ "J. Willard Marriott". www.marriott.com. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  19. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 32.
  20. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 34.
  21. ^ a b Baskas, H. (2010). Oregon Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities, and Other Offbeat Stuff. Curiosities Series. Globe Pequot Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7627-6201-9. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  22. ^ a b Knight, Peter & Annette (2009). "A&W Root Beer - Our History". awrootbeer.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  23. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 44.
  24. ^ Fackler, Martin (February 20, 2012). "Where the Songs Linger, but the Tune Is Different". The New York Times.
  25. ^ Milestones in the History of A & W Restaurants, Inc., by A & W Restaurants, Inc., January 1995.
  26. ^ "Businessman Scotty Moylan dies at 94". KUAM-TV. August 25, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  27. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 62.
  28. ^ Forson, Psyche Williams; Counihan, Carole (2013). Taking Food Public: Redefining Foodways in a Changing World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-72627-1.
  29. ^ "Page 23 Advertisements Column 1". The Straits Times. December 21, 1963. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  30. ^ Nolte, Richard (March 3, 1964). "A&W Root Beer Comes to Town: 12,000 miles and I never left home" (PDF). Institute of Current World Affairs. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  31. ^ A Great American Brand - 90 Years of A&W, by Christa Bourg, 2009, page 57.
  32. ^ S, G. (July 13, 1962). "Heiße Würstchen hinterm Steuerrad". Die Zeit. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
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