User:Cammoore
Overview of grammar
[edit]The same as English, the linguistic typology of Indonesian is subject–verb–object. Predicates
Noun phrase
[edit]Nouns have no articles or inflection. Subject and object pronouns are the same, with one exception. Adjectives come after the noun. If demonstratives are functioning as an adjective they come after the noun and adjective.
Pronouns
Subject pronouns (9)
saya - I
anda - you
saudara - you
kamu - you (informal)
dia - he/she
kami - we (not you)
kita - we (and you)
meréka - they
saya Mel - I am Mel
anda pengusaha - you are a businessman
dia guru - she is a teacher
anda - you
saudara - you
kamu - you (informal)
dia - he/she
kami - we (not you)
kita - we (and you)
meréka - they
saya Mel - I am Mel
anda pengusaha - you are a businessman
dia guru - she is a teacher
Object pronouns (2)
All the same. Except when dia is both subject and object.
dia mengenal + nya = dia mengenanalnya - he knows her
dia mengenal + nya = dia mengenanalnya - he knows her
Possessive pronouns (3)
Same as regular pronouns. Follows the noun.
mobil saya - my car
kopor-kopor anda - your luggage
kucing kamu - your cat
Also: -mu - your
kuncingmu - your cat
temanmu - your friend
-nya = her/her, thier (must already be established from context)
permainan + nya = permainannya - his/her/their toy
rumah besar + nya = rumah besarnya - his/her/thier house
mobil saya - my car
kopor-kopor anda - your luggage
kucing kamu - your cat
Also: -mu - your
kuncingmu - your cat
temanmu - your friend
-nya = her/her, thier (must already be established from context)
permainan + nya = permainannya - his/her/their toy
rumah besar + nya = rumah besarnya - his/her/thier house
Demonstratives (2)
ini - this
iti - that
ini buku - this is a book
iti kopi - that is coffee
iti - that
ini buku - this is a book
iti kopi - that is coffee
Adjectives (1)
mobil baru - a new car
pusat kota - town center
tempat parkir - parking space
film itu - that film
sekolah bahasa Indonesia - Indonesian language school
pusat kota - town center
tempat parkir - parking space
film itu - that film
sekolah bahasa Indonesia - Indonesian language school
Pluralization (2)
orang - person
orang-orang - people
rak buku - book shelf
rak-rak buku - book shelves
Pluralization does not need to be used when it obvious from context:
empat orang - four people
banyak anak - a lot of children
berapa orang? - how many people?
orang-orang - people
rak buku - book shelf
rak-rak buku - book shelves
Pluralization does not need to be used when it obvious from context:
empat orang - four people
banyak anak - a lot of children
berapa orang? - how many people?
Verb Phrase
[edit]Indonesian verbs have no grammatical person or tense, which means no conjugation. Person is coded by pronouns; tense is always clearly understood contextually or aided by tense markers.
Tense markers
Present (2)
sedang - now
saya mangajar biologi - I teach biology
saya sedang mengajar biologi - I am teaching biology
saya mangajar biologi - I teach biology
saya sedang mengajar biologi - I am teaching biology
Past (4)
sudah - already
dia datang - he arrives
dia sudah datang - he arrived
telah - equivalent to sudah, used in writing and formal speech
dulu - formerly
dulu dia miskin - she used to be poor
baru saja - has just
dia baru saja bangun - she has just woken up
dia datang - he arrives
dia sudah datang - he arrived
telah - equivalent to sudah, used in writing and formal speech
dulu - formerly
dulu dia miskin - she used to be poor
baru saja - has just
dia baru saja bangun - she has just woken up
Future (1)
akan
Mel akan menjemput Tom - Mel will puck up Tom
Mel akan menjemput Tom - Mel will puck up Tom
Adverbs (1)
dangan + adjective = adverb
cepat - quick
dangan cepat - quickly
baik - good
dangan baik - well
dia berbicara dangan cepat - she speaks quickly
cepat - quick
dangan cepat - quickly
baik - good
dangan baik - well
dia berbicara dangan cepat - she speaks quickly
Forming questions
ini buku - this is a book
ini buku? - this is a book?
apakah ini buku? - is this a book?
apakah anda pengusaha? - are you a businessman?
Also: apa = apakah (less formal, more common)
apa iti menarik? - is it interesting?
Who, whose?
siapa itu? - who is that?
jas siapa ini? - whose jacket is this?
siapa nama anda? - what's your name?
However: apa nama kota itu? - what's this town called?
jas siapa ini? - whose jacket is this?
siapa nama anda? - what's your name?
However: apa nama kota itu? - what's this town called?
When?
kapan rapat? - when is the meeting?
Where?
di mana kamu tinggal? - where do you live?
ke mana kamu pergi? - to where are you going?
dari mana kamu berasal? - from where do you come?
ke mana kamu pergi? - to where are you going?
dari mana kamu berasal? - from where do you come?
Why?
kenapa dia marah? - why is he angry?
kenapa mobil itu berhenti? - why did that car stop?
mengapa - preferred in writing
karena - because
kenapa mobil itu berhenti? - why did that car stop?
mengapa - preferred in writing
karena - because
How?
bagaimana film itu? - how was that film?
bagaimana kabarnya? - how are things?
bagaimana kabarnya? - how are things?
How many?
berapa mobil? - how many cars?
berapa lama? - how long? (time)
berapa panjang? - how long? (length)
berapa kali? - how many times?
berapa lama? - how long? (time)
berapa panjang? - how long? (length)
berapa kali? - how many times?
Negation
Negating adjectives and verbs
dia tidak minum - he doesn't drink
saya tidak tahu - I don't know
dia tidak séhat - he isn't healthy
meréka tidak mabuk - they aren't drunk
saya tidak tahu - I don't know
dia tidak séhat - he isn't healthy
meréka tidak mabuk - they aren't drunk
Negating nouns
saya bukan orang Indonesia - I am not Indonesian
ini bukan kucing - this is not a cat
bukan dia - it's not him
ini bukan kucing - this is not a cat
bukan dia - it's not him
Replying "no"
apa dia mabuk? tidak. - is she drunk? no.
apa dia bekerja di Bali? tidak - does she work in Bali? no.
apa kakakmu penari? bukan. - Is your sister a dancer? no.
apa dia bekerja di Bali? tidak - does she work in Bali? no.
apa kakakmu penari? bukan. - Is your sister a dancer? no.