Musta'li Ismailism

Musta'li Isma'ilism (Arabic: المستعلية, romanized: al-Mustaʿliyya) is a branch of Isma'ilism named for their acceptance of al-Musta'li as the legitimate ninth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir Billah (r. 1036–1094/1095). In contrast, the Nizari—the other living branch of Ismailism, presently led by Aga Khan IV—believe the ninth caliph was al-Musta'li's elder brother, Nizar.

The Musta'li originated in Fatimid-ruled Egypt, later moved its religious center to Yemen, and gained a foothold in 11th-century Western India through missionaries.

The Tayyibi and the Hafizi

Historically, there was a distinction between the Tayyibi and the Hafizi Musta'lis, the former recognizing at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim as the legitimate heir of the Imamate after al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah and the latter following al-Hafiz, who was enthroned as caliph. The Hafizi view lost all support following the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate: current-day Musta'lis are all Tayyibi.

Most Musta'li are Bohras, and the largest Bohra group is the Dawoodi Bohra, who are primarily found in India. The name Bohra is a reinterpretation of the Gujarati word vahaurau "to trade".

Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin was the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra community. After his passing in 2014, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin succeeded him and is serving as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of The Dawoodi Bohra community.

History

According to Musta'lī tradition, after the death of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, his infant son, At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, about two years old, was protected by Arwa al-Sulayhi who died in 1138, wife of the chief Fatimid Da'i of Yemen. She had been promoted to the post of Hujjat al-Islam long before by al-Mustansir Billah when her husband died and ran the Fatimid dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim. During her leadership At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into occultation so she instituted the office of Da'i al-Mutlaq. Zoeb bin Moosa was first to be instituted to this office and the line of Tayyibi Da'is that began in 1132 has passed from one Da'i to another up to the present day. Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah in Yemen from the time of Imam Al-Mustansir Billah. She appointed the Da'i in Yemen to run religious affairs. Isma'ili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH))^[1]^[2] were also sent to India in that time. They sent Syedi Nuruddin to Dongaon to look after southern part and Syedi Fakhruddin to East Rajasthan, India.^[3]^[4]

Branches

There is also a community of Sunni Bohra in India. In the fifteenth century, there was schism in the Bohra community of Patan in Gujarat as a large number converted from Musta'li Isma'ili Shia Islam to mainstream Hanafi Sunni Islam. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni was Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi who also had the support of the Mughal governor of Gujarat.
In 1592, a leadership struggle caused the Ṭayyibi Ismailis to split. Following the death of the 26th Dai in 1591 CE, Sulayman bin Hassan, the grandson of the 24th Dai, was wali in Yemen and claimed the succession, supported by a few Bohras from Yemen and India. However, most Bohras denied his claim of nass, declaring that the supporting document evidence was forged. The two factions separated, with the followers of Suleman Bin Hasan becoming the Sulaymanis named after Sulayman ibn Hassan and mainly located in Yemen and Saudi Arabia, and the followers of Syedna Dawood Bin Qutubshah becoming the Dawoodi Bohra. Dawoodi Bohra, found mostly in the Indian subcontinent.
A split in 1637 from the Dawoodi Bohra resulted in the Alavi Bohra.
The Hebtiahs Bohra are a branch of Musta'li Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 39th Da'i al-Mutlaq in 1754.
The Atba-e-Malak community are a branch of Musta'ali Isma'ili Shi'a Islam that broke off from the mainstream Dawoodi Bohra after the death of the 46th Da'i al-Mutlaq, under the leadership of Abdul Hussain Jivaji in 1840. They have further split into two more branches:
- Atba-e-Malak Badar – The current leader is Maulana Muhammad Amiruddin Malak Saheb.
- Atba-e-Malak Vakil – Their current leader is Tayyebhai Razzak.
The Progressive Dawoodi Bohra is a reformist sect within Musta'li Ismai'li Shi'a Islam that broke off circa 1977. They disagree with mainstream Dawoodi Bohra, as led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, on doctrinal, economic, and social issues.
In 2014, following the passing of Mohammed Burhanuddin, there was a succession dispute. The Bohra Sultan Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin was established as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq by his father, His Holiness Syedna Mohammad Burhanuddin. However, the Qutbi Bohra branch broke off from the original Dawoodi Bohra, falsely claiming the succession as theirs. This dispute was taken to the courts by the Qutbi Bohra, which denounced their claims as false, affirming Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin as the rightful 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq.

Musta'li Imams

According to Musta'li belief, the line of Imams, descendants of Ali and hereditary successors to Muhammad in his role of legitimate leader of the community of Muslim believers, follows:^{[citation needed]}

Hasan ibn Ali 625–670 (imam 660–670)
Husayn ibn Ali 626–680 (imam 670–680 )
Ali al-Sajjad 659–712 (imam 680–712)
Muhammad al-Baqir 676–743 (imam 712–743)
Ja'far al-Sadiq 702–765 (imam 743–765)
Isma'il al-Mubarak 719/722–775 (imam 765–775)
Muhammad ibn Isma'il 740–813 (imam 775–813)
Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi) 766–829 (imam 813–829)
Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi) 790–840 (imam 829–840)
Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah) (imam 840–909)
Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (909–934)
al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah (934–946)
al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (946–953)
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (953–975)
al-Aziz Billah (975–996)
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021)
al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1036)
al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1094)
al-Musta'li Billah (1094–1101)
al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (1101–1130)
at-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130–1132)

Imams 11–21 were caliphs who ruled the Fatimid Caliphate.^{[citation needed]}

The imams from Muhammad ibn Isma'il onward were occulted by the Musta'li; their names as listed by Dawoodi Bohra religious books are listed above.^[5]

Their ancestors and descendants according to Ismā'īlī-Mustā'lī Imāmah doctrine

Jāʿfar al-Sādiq
(Imamāh‘Shi'ā)

Fatima bint al-Hussain'l-Athram
bin al-Ḥasan bin Ali

Al-Aftāh
(Aftāhīyyah)

Ismā‘il
(Ismā‘il’īyyah)

Fatimids (Ismailism)

Al-Mustansir

Nizār al-Muṣṭafá (Nizārīyyah)

Muhammad

Al-Mustā‘lī (Mustā‘līyyah)

Al-Āmīr

Alamut Castle (Hassasin)

Al-Hāfiz (Ḥāfīzīyyah)

Aṭ-Ṭāyyīb (Ṭāyyībīyyah)

Al-Zāfīr

Yūssuf

Nizārī Imāmah

Al-Fā'īz

Tayyibi Dā'ĩs

Al-'Āḍīd

Nizārī Ismāilism

Dawoodi Dā'ĩs

Da'is

Arwa al-Sulayhi was the Hujjah from the time of Imam Mustansir. She appointed Dai in Yemen to run religious affair. Ismaili missionaries Ahmed and Abdullah (in about 1067 AD (460 AH))^[1]^[2] were sent to India in that time. According to Fatimid tradition, after the death of Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah, Arwa al-Sulayhi instituted the Da'i al-Mutlaq in place of Dai to run the independent dawah from Yemen in the name of Imam Taiyab. The Dais are appointed one after other in the same philosophy of nass (nomination by predecessor) as done by earlier imams. It is believed that God's representative cannot die before appointing his true successor. This is being followed from the time of 3rd Imam Ali al-Sajjad, the strong army of Yazid also could not think of killing him, although they did not spare even a child of six months, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn.

On the similar belief, the Musta'li think and their Da'i claim, that one day their Imam Tayyib's heir will again reappear as Imam (as happened with the eleventh Imam, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, who appeared after period of 150 years since the sixth Imam).

Under the fifteenth Imam, Al-Aziz Billah, the fifth Fatimid caliph, religious tolerance was given great importance. As a small Shi'i group ruling over a majority Sunni population with a Christian minority also, the Fatimid caliphs were careful to respect the sentiments of people. One of the viziers of Imam Aziz was Christian, and high offices were held by both Shia and Sunnis. Fatimid advancement in state offices was based more on merit than on heredity.^[6]

Al-Aziz Billah rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo near Fustat and encouraged public theological debate between the chief Fatimid qadi and the bishops of Oriental Orthodoxy in the interest of ecumenism.^[6]

Profession of faith

As is the case with the majority of the Shia, Ismailis conclude the Shahada with ʿAliyun waliyu l-Lah ("Ali is the successor of God"). Musta'lis recite the following shahada:

ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā l-Lāh,
waʾašhadu ʾan Muḥammadun ʿabduhun warasūlu l-Lāh;
ʾanna mawlāna ʿAliyun waṣiyuhu wawazīruhu;
I bear witness that there is no god but God,
and I bear witness that Mohammad is God's servant and His Messenger
and Ali is his successor and minister.^{[citation needed]}

The first part of this shahada is common to all Muslims and is the fundamental declaration of tawhid. The wording of the last phrase is specific to the Musta'li.

The second phrase describes the principle of Prophecy in Shia Islam.

The third phrase describes the Musta'li theological position of the role of Ali.

Photo of the qibla of al-Mustansir Billah in the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo showing the Shahada
Photo of the Shahada at Bab al-Futuh Fatimid Cairo

References

^ ^a ^b Enthoven, R. E. (1922). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. ISBN 81-206-0630-2.
^ ^a ^b The Bohras, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, p.109,101
^ [1], Mullahs on the Mainframe.., By Jonah Blank, p.139
^ The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines By Farhad Daftary; p.299
^ http://www.ismaili.net/Source/0910.ht^{[permanent dead link]} Quarterly Journal of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Vol. XXI. Nos. 1 2 Edited by MAHMUD GHUL HIDDEN IMAMS OF THE ISMAILIS
^ ^a ^b Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, page 29, By Jonah Blank

External links

[Enthoven_1922-1] Enthoven, R. E. (1922). The Tribes and Castes of Bombay. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. ISBN 81-206-0630-2.

[The_Bohras-2] The Bohras, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, p.109,101

[3] [1], Mullahs on the Mainframe.., By Jonah Blank, p.139

[4] The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines By Farhad Daftary; p.299

[5] ttp://www.ismaili.net/Source/0910.ht^{[permanent dead link]} Quarterly Journal of the AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Vol. XXI. Nos. 1 2 Edited by MAHMUD GHUL HIDDEN IMAMS OF THE ISMAILIS

[Mullahs-6] Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, page 29, By Jonah Blank

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