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List of sound chips

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Sound chips come in different forms and use a variety of techniques to generate audio signals. This is a list of sound chips that were produced by a certain company or manufacturer, categorized by the sound generation of the chips.

Programmable sound generators (PSG)

[edit]
See also: Programmable sound generator
Manufacturer Chip Year Channels Applications Notes Ref
Atari, Inc. Television Interface Adaptor (TIA) 1977 2 Atari 2600 and Atari 7800 video game consoles, Video Music (music visualizer for TV) Combined sound and graphics chip, metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit [1]
POKEY 1979 4 Atari 8-bit, Atari 5200, some Atari arcade machines, certain Atari 7800 cartridges [2]
Atari AMY 1983 64/8 Intended for 65XEM (never released) HMOS (depletion mode NMOS) chip, additive synthesis chip (64 oscillators, 8 frequency ramps) [3]
Atari MIKEY 1989 4 For the Atari Lynx Combined sound and LCD driver, has 4-channels with an 8-bit DAC
General Instrument AY-3-8910 1978 3 Arcade boards (DECO,[4] Taito Z80,[5] Konami Scramble,[6] Irem M27,[7] Konami 6809,[8] Capcom Z80[9]), computers (Colour Genie, Oric 1, MSX, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum 128, Elektor TVGC, Mockingboard, Speech/Sound Program Pak (TRS-80 Color Computer)), Intellivision N-type MOS (NMOS) large-scale integration (LSI) chip [10]
SP0250 1981 1 Sega G80 arcade system board Linear predictive coding (LPC) speech synthesis NMOS chip [11]
SP0256 1984 1 Intellivoice (Intellivision), MicroSpeech (ZX Spectrum), Tandy Voice Synthesizer (TRS-80), VIC-20, and Atari 8-bit homebrew kits, Fuzzbuster radar detector LPC speech synthesis NMOS LSI chip [12]
Konami RC 1981 1 Konami Scramble and Gyruss arcade system boards [13][14]
VRC6 1989 3 Certain Konami-produced Famicom cartridges [15]
MOS Technology VIC (6560 / 6561) 1977 4 VIC-1001 and VIC-20 Combined sound and graphics NMOS chip [16]
SID (6581 / 8580) 1981 3 Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 computers, Elektron SidStation synthesizer sound module NMOS chip (6581) / HMOS-II chip (8580) [17][18]
TED (7360 / 8360) 1983 2 Commodore 16, Commodore Plus/4 HMOS chip [19]
Microchip Technology AY8930 1989 3 Covox Sound Master Card
Oki Electric Industry Oki MSM5232 1983 8 Arcade games (particularly Taito games), Korg Poly-800 polyphonic synthesiser Complementary MOS (CMOS) chip [20][18][21]
Philips Philips SAA1099 1984 6 SAM Coupé, Creative Music System (also known as Game Blaster) [22]
Ricoh Ricoh 2A03 / 2A07 1983 5 Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) home console (hardware expandable), arcade game Punch-Out!! NMOS chip, delta modulation channel (DMC) is for pulse-code modulation (PCM) sampling, 7-bit DAC. [23]
Sega Sega Melody Generator 1981 1 Sega G80 arcade system board [24]
Sharp Corporation Sharp LR35902 1989 4 Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance In Game Boy Advance, it's used for Game Boy/Game Boy Color mode and supports software-mixed PCM as a secondary function. [25]
Sharp SM8521 1997 1 Game.com Noise generator
Sunsoft Sunsoft 5B 1992 3 Famicom cartridge Gimmick! Derivative of Yamaha YM2149F [26]
Texas Instruments SN76477 1978 1 Space Invaders arcade system board, ABC 80 [27]
LPC Speech Chips 1978 1 Speak & Spell, Speak & Math, Speak & Read, arcade games Pitch-excited LPC (PE-LPC) speech synthesizer, digital signal processor (DSP), P-type MOS (PMOS) chip
SN76489 (DCSG) 1979 4 Various arcade system boards, SG-1000 console, BBC Micro home computer, Sharp MZ-800, IBM PCjr and TI-99/4A computers [28]
SN76489A (DCSG) 1982 4 ColecoVision and SG-1000 consoles
SN76496 1982 4 Tandy 1000 computer [29]
TMS3615 1981 2 Arcade games [30]
TMS3617
TMS3630
TMS3631-RI104 / RI105
Toshiba Toshiba T7766A 1988 3 Some MSX models (MSX-Engine) AY-3-8910 compatible chip (has the same pinout)
Unisonic Technologies Company UM66, TXXL series 1 or 2 3-pin CMOS LSI based chip that contains pre-programmed read-only memory (ROM) [31]
Yamaha Yamaha YM2149 (SSG) 1983 3 Various arcade boards, MSX computers (including Yamaha CX5M), Atari ST computer NMOS LSI chip based on AY-3-8910 [32][33][34]
Yamaha YM3439 (SSGC) 1991 3 Atari Falcon and MSX computers CMOS LSI variant of YM2149 [35]
Yamaha/Sega VDP PSG (SN76496) 1984 4 SG-1000 II, Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis and Pico consoles, Game Gear handheld game console Based on Texas Instruments SN76496. In Mega Drive/Genesis, it is both secondary to the Yamaha YM2612 FM chip and for Master System mode. [36]

Wavetable synthesis

[edit]
See also: Wavetable synthesis
Manufacturer(s) Chip Year Channels Applications Notes Ref
Atari Jerry 1993 16 Atari Jaguar CMOS chip, also supports PCM (sample-based synthesis) and pulse-width modulation (PWM) [37][38]
Atmel / Dream SAM9407 1993 4 Quasimidi digital synthesizers (Caruso, Quasar,[39][40] Technox, Raven, Raven MAX), computer sound cards (Guillemot Maxi Sound 64 Dynamic 3D, Maxi Sound Home Studio 64 Pro, Hoontech ST128 Gold & Ruby and Soundtrack Digital Audio, TerraTec AudioSystem EWS64L/XL/XXL/SHome Studio Pro 64, Home Studio) High-speed CMOS (HCMOS) chip [41][42]
SAM9707 1998 4 Quasimidi digital synthesizers (Rave-O-Lution 309, Sirius, Polymorph) Digital signal processor (DSP) core [43][44]
Ensoniq Ensoniq 5503 1984 32 Mirage synthesizer and Apple IIGS computer [45]
Hudson Soft / NEC / Epson Hudson Soft HuC6280 1987 6 NEC's PC Engine (TurboGrafx-16) console CMOS chip [46]
Konami Konami SCC 1987 5 Certain arcade system boards, game cartridges for MSX [47]
Namco Namco WSG (Waveform Sound Generator) 1980 3 Several Namco arcade system boards (including Namco Pac-Man and Namco Galaga) [48][49]
Namco 52xx (Audio Processor) 1981 1 Namco Galaga and Namco Pole Position arcade system boards [50][49]
Namco 54xx (Audio Generator) 1982 8 Namco Pole Position arcade system board [50]
Namco 15xx (WSG) 1982 8 Namco Super Pac-Man arcade system board [49][51]
Namco CUS30 1984 8 Namco Pac-Land, Namco Thunder Ceptor, System 86 and Namco System 1 arcade boards Similar to the earlier 15xx WSG, but capable of stereo sound. [49]
Namco 163 (N163) 1987 8 Namco-produced Famicom games [52]
Nintendo VSU-VUE 1995 6 Virtual Boy portable console Silicon-gate CMOS chip
Ricoh Ricoh 2C33 1986 1 Famicom Disk System
Sharp Corporation Sharp LR35902 1989 1 Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance In Game Boy Advance, it's used for Game Boy/Game Boy Color mode and supports software-mixed PCM as a secondary function. [25]
Sharp SM8521 1997 2 Game.com

Frequency modulation (FM) synthesis

[edit]
See also: Frequency modulation synthesis
Manufacturer Chip Year Total FM operators Max FM channels Max ops / channel Applications Notes Ref
ESS Technology ESFM synthesizer 1994 72 18 4 Most ESS Tech sound chips (ES1868/69 being most common) Based on Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3) silicon-gate CMOS chip. Includes wavetable interface. Two modes, one "OPL2/3 compatible" and the other the native superset. [53][54]
Yamaha YM21280 (OPS) / YM21290 (EGS) 1983 96 16 6 Yamaha digital synthesizers (DX7, DX1, DX5, DX9,[55][56] TX7, TX216, TX416, TX816)[57] Chipset (OPS operator chip, EGS envelope generator chip) [34][58][59]
Yamaha YM2151 (a.k.a. OPM) 1983 32 8 4 Mid-1980s to mid-1990s arcade systems (the most prolific FM chip used in arcades), Sharp X1 and X68000 computers, MSX (CX5M, Yamaha SFG-01 and SFG-05 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit), Yamaha digital synthesizers (DX21, DX27, DX100) NMOS chip (depletion-load)[60] [61][33][62]
Yamaha YM2203 (a.k.a. OPN) 1984 12 3 4 Some 1980s arcade games, NEC computers (PC-88, PC-98, NEC PC-6001mkII SR, PC-6601 SR) 3 additional Yamaha YM2149 SSG square wave channels, silicon-gate NMOS LSI chip [63][33][62]
Yamaha YM3526 (a.k.a. OPL) 1984 18 9 2 Bubble Bobble arcade game, Commodore 64 SFX Sound Expander Silicon-gate CMOS LSI chip [64][33][62]
Yamaha Y8950 (a.k.a. MSX-AUDIO) 1984 18 9 2 MSX-Audio cartridges for MSX (Panasonic FS-CA1, Toshiba HX-MU900, and Philips NMS-1205) Very similar to Yamaha YM3526, additional adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM) channel, silicon-gate CMOS LSI chip [65]
Yamaha YM2164 (a.k.a. OPP) 1985 32 8 4 Yamaha FB-01 MIDI Expander, IBM Music Feature Card, MSX (Yamaha CX5M and SFG-05), Korg DS-8 and 707 digital synthesizers Based on Yamaha YM2151 (OPM) [66][33][62]
Yamaha YM3812 (a.k.a. OPL2) 1985 18 9 2 Sound cards for PC (including AdLib and early Sound Blaster cards), Yamaha Portasound keyboards (PSR and PSS series) Silicon-gate CMOS LSI chip [67][33][62]
Yamaha YM2413 (a.k.a. OPLL) 1986 18 9 2 Japanese Master System, Sega Mark III, MSX (in MSX Music cartridges like the FM-PAC, and internally in several Japanese models by Panasonic, Sony and Sanyo), Yamaha Portasound digital keyboards (PSS-140, PSS-170, PSS-270) Silicon-gate NMOS LSI chip [68][33][62]
YM2604 (OPS2) / YM3609 (EGM) 1986 96 16 6 Yamaha DX7 II and TX802 digital synthesizers Chipset (OPS2 operator chip, EGM envelope generator chip) [59][69][70]
Yamaha YM2608 (a.k.a. OPNA) 1986 24 6 4 NEC PC-88 and PC-98 computers 3 additional Yamaha YM2149 SSG square wave channels, 7 additional ADPCM channels, silicon-gate NMOS LSI chip [71][62]
Yamaha YM2414 (a.k.a. OPZ) 1987 32 8 4 Yamaha digital synthesizers (TX81Z, DX11, YS200), Korg Z3 guitar synthesizer [33][72][62]
Yamaha YM2610 (a.k.a. OPNB) 1987 16 4 4 SNK's Neo Geo console, arcade systems (particularly Neo Geo and Taito games) 7 additional ADPCM channels [73][21]
Yamaha YM2612 (a.k.a. OPN2) 1988 24 6 4 Sega Mega Drive/Genesis console, FM Towns computer, Sega arcade systems PCM supported on one of the channels [74]
Yamaha YM3438 (a.k.a. OPN2C) 1989 24 6 4 Sega Mega Drive/Genesis console (later models), FM Towns computer, Sega arcade systems Improved Yamaha YM2612, PCM supported on one of the channels, silicon-gate CMOS LSI chip
Yamaha YMF262 (a.k.a. OPL3) 1990[75] 36 18 4 Sound Blaster Pro 2.0 and later cards for PC (including Sound Blaster 16, AdLib Gold 1000 and AWE32) Silicon-gate CMOS chip [54][33][62]
Yamaha DS1001 (Konami VRC7) 1990 12 6 2 Famicom cartridge Lagrange Point Modified derivative of Yamaha YM2413 (OPLL) [76]
Yamaha YMF271 (a.k.a. OPX) 1993 36 18 4 12 additional PCM channels
Yamaha YMF278 (a.k.a. OPL4) 1993 36 18 4 Moonsound cartridge for MSX computer [77]
Yamaha YMF292 (a.k.a. SCSP) 1994 32 32 32 Sega Saturn console, Sega ST-V,[78] Model 2A/2B/2C CRX[79][80][81] and Model 3 arcade systems PCM supported [82][83]
Yamaha YMF288 (a.k.a. OPN3) 1995 24 6 4 NEC PC-98 computer Based on Yamaha YM2608 (OPNA) [84][85]
Yamaha YMF7xx (a.k.a. OPL3-SA) 1997 36 18 4 Embedded audio chipset in some laptops and sound cards (including PCI, ISA and Yamaha Audician 32) Integrates Yamaha YMF262 (OPL3) [86][33][87]
Yamaha YMU757 (a.k.a. MA-1) 1999 8 4 2 Some 2000s and 1990s cellphones, PDAs [88]
Yamaha YMU759 (a.k.a. MA-2) 2000 32 16 2 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs 8 channels for 4 operators, an additional ADPCM channel [89]
Yamaha YMU762 (a.k.a. MA-3) 2001 64 32 2 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs 16 channels for 4 operators, 8 additional PCM/ADPCM channels [90]
Yamaha YMU765 (a.k.a. MA-5) 2003 64 32 2 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs 32 PCM/ADPCM channels, 16 channels for 4 operators [91]
Yamaha YMF825 (a.k.a. SD-1) 2011 32 16 4 [92]

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) sampling

[edit]
See also: Pulse-code modulation and Sampling (signal processing)
Manufacturer(s) Chip Year Max PCM channels Max sample depth (bits) Max sample rate (Hz) Applications Notes Ref
Analog Devices AD1848 1992 Multiple stereo channels, unlimited 16 48,000 Original Windows Sound System card by Microsoft, Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000 and Elite cards Digital-to-analog codec chip, 2-channel stereo input/output [93]
ARM Ltd. VIDC20 1994 8 16 44,100 Risc PC computer
Atari Jerry 1993 16 16 44,100 Atari Jaguar console CMOS chip, also supports pulse-width modulation (PWM) and single-cycle wavetable-lookup synthesis [37][94][38]
SDMA (Sound/DMA) 1992 8 16 49,170 Atari Falcon030 computer Integrates Motorola 56001 DSP [95][96]
Crystal Semiconductor CS4231 1992 1 16 48,000 Windows Sound System compatible, Gravis Ultrasound card [97]
Drucegrove Digitalker MM54104 1980 1 1 13,000 Namco Galaxian (King & Balloon) and Scorpion arcade system boards, National Semiconductor Digitalker DT1050 speech synthesizer Delta modulation (DM) differential PCM (DPCM) speech synthesis chip [98][99]
Gravis GF1 1992 32 16 44,100 Gravis Ultrasound card
Harris Corporation HC-55516 1981 1 1 32,000 Irem M27 (Red Alert),[100] Sinistar[101] and Midway Y Unit[102] arcade system boards Continuously variable slope DM (CVSD) adaptive DM (ADM) speech decoder [103]
Intel Intel High Definition Audio (IHDA) 2004 8 32 192,000 IBM Personal Computer, IBM PC compatible computers [104]
Konami Konami K007232 1986 2 8 32,000 Konami Bubble System and Twin 16 arcade boards PCM
Konami K053260 1990 4 12 32,000 Konami TMNT based arcade board KDSC
Konami K054539 1991 8 16 32,000 Konami Xexex based, Mystic Warriors based and GX arcade boards ADPCM
Macronix Flipper 2001 64 16 48,000 GameCube console ADPCM, Dolby Pro Logic II (AC-3) [105][106]
MOS Technology MOS Technology 8364 "Paula" 1985 4 8 28,000 Commodore's Amiga computer [107][108]
Namco Namco C140 1987 24 12 42,780 Namco System 2 and System 21 arcade boards [109]
Namco C219 1992 16 12 42,780 Namco NA-1 and NA-2 arcade system boards
Namco C352 1992 32 16 42,670 Namco System 22, System FL, NB-1, NB-2, ND-1, System 11, System 12 and System 23 arcade boards Linear PCM (LPCM) and μ-law PCM samples supported [110][111][112][113][114][115][116]
National Semiconductor LMC1992 1989 4 8 50,000 Atari STE and TT030 personal computers [117][118]
NEC μPD7751 1985 3 8 8,000 Sega System 16 arcade boards ADPCM, Speech synthesis chip
μPD7759 1987 1 8 8,000 Sega System 16B and System C2 arcade boards, Sega Pico console ADPCM, Speech synthesis chip
NVIDIA MCPX 2001 64 16 48,000 Microsoft Xbox console 3D sound support, Dolby Pro Logic, DTS, DSP, MIDI DLS2 Support
Oki Electric Industry Oki MSM5205 1982 1 12 32,000 Various arcade system boards (Irem M-52,[119] Data East Z80,[120] Capcom 68000),[121] NEC's PC Engine CD-ROM² (TurboGrafx-CD) game console Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) chip [122]
Oki MSM6258 1987 1 12 15,600 Sharp's X68000 computer ADPCM [123]
Oki MSM6295 1987 4 12 7,576 (CPS-1)
32,000 (max) 		Various arcade system boards (including Capcom's CP System) ADPCM [124][125]
Oki MSM9810 1999 8 14 32,000 Sammy arcade system boards ADPCM
QSound QSound DSP16A 1993 16 16 24,000 CP System II arcade system board PCM/ADPCM, positional 3D audio support via QSound
Ricoh Ricoh 2A03 / 2A07 1982 1 7 15,745 Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) home console (hardware expandable), arcade game Punch-Out!! NMOS chip, DM channel (DMC) is for PCM sampling [23]
Ricoh RF5c68 1989 8 8 19,800 Fujitsu's FM Towns computer, Sega System 18 and System 32 arcade boards [126]
Ricoh RF5C164 1991 8 8 31,300 Sega CD console add-on 1.5 μm silicon-gate CMOS chip [127]
Roland Corporation Roland LA32 1987 16 16 32,000 Roland synthesizers (D-50, D550, D10, D20, D110), Roland MT-32 MIDI sound module (Sharp X68000, Amiga, Atari ST, IBM PC, NEC PC-88, PC-98) Linear Arithmetic synthesis (LA synthesis) [128][129][130]
Sanyo VLM5030 Speech Synthesizer 1983 1 8 8,136 Arcade game Punch-Out!! Speech synthesis chip [131]
Sega SegaPCM 1985 16 8 31,250 Sega arcade systems (Sega Space Harrier, Sega OutRun, X Board, Y Board) [132][133]
SGI Reality Signal Processor (RSP) 1996 100 16 48,000 Nintendo 64 console DSP,[134] combined sound and graphics processor, ADPCM, MP3 support [135][136][137]
Sharp Corporation Sharp SM8521 1997 1 8 32,768 Game.com handheld
Sony Sony SPC700 (Nintendo S-SMP) 1990 8 16 32,000 Super Nintendo Entertainment System console Bit Rate Reduction (BRR) ADPCM [138][139]
Sony SPU (Sound Processing Unit) 1994 24 16 44,100 Sony PlayStation console ADPCM [140]
Sony SPU2 1999 48 16 48,000 Sony PlayStation 2 console ADPCM, Supports Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS [141][142]
Yamaha Yamaha Y8950 (a.k.a. MSX-AUDIO) 1984 1 8 ~50,000 MSX-Audio cartridges for MSX ADPCM, Speech synthesis chip [65][62]
Yamaha YM2608 (a.k.a. OPNA) 1985 7 16 (12 for RSS) 55,500 (18518 for RSS) NEC PC-88 and PC-98 computers ADPCM [71][62]
Yamaha YM2610 (a.k.a. OPNB) 1987 7 16 (12 for ADPCM-A) 55,500 (18518 for ADPCM-A) SNK's Neo Geo console, arcade systems (particularly Neo Geo and Taito games) ADPCM [73][143]
Yamaha YM2612 (a.k.a. OPN2) 1988 1 8 26,633 (SMD)
29,000 (System 32)
44,100 (max) 		Sega Mega Drive/Genesis console, FM Towns computer, Sega arcade systems [74][144]
Yamaha YMW258-F (a.k.a. GEW8) (Sega MultiPCM) 1992 28 16 44,100 Sega arcade boards (System Multi 32, Model 1, Model 2), Yamaha instruments (MU-5 and TG-100 sound modules, Portasound keyboards, QR-10, QY-20 workstation) Advanced Wave Memory (AWM) sampling [145][34]
Yamaha YMF271 (a.k.a. OPX) 1993 12 12 44,100
Yamaha YMF278 (a.k.a. OPL4) 1993 24 16 44,100 Moonsound cartridge for MSX computer [146]
Yamaha YMF292 (a.k.a. SCSP) 1994 32 16 44,100 Sega Saturn console, Sega arcade systems (Sega ST-V, Model 2A CRX/2B CRX/2C CRX and Model 3) [82][78][79][80][81][83]
Yamaha YMZ280B (a.k.a. PCMD8) 1995 8 16 44,100 Cave, Data East, and Psikyo arcade systems ADPCM supported [147]
Yamaha AICA 1998 64 16 48,000 Sega Dreamcast console, Sega arcade systems (Sega NAOMI, Hikaru, and NAOMI 2) ADPCM [148][149][150]
Yamaha YMU759 (a.k.a. MA-2) 2000 1 8 8,000 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs ADPCM
Yamaha YMU762 (a.k.a. MA-3) 2001 8 8 48,000 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs ADPCM supported
Yamaha YMU765 (a.k.a. MA-5) 2003 32 8 48,000 Some 2000s cellphones, PDAs ADPCM, Analog Lite, and speech synthesis supported

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  64. ^ "Yamaha LSI: YM3526 FM Operator Type-L (OPL)" (PDF). Nippon Gakki (Yamaha). Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  65. ^ a b "Yamaha LSI: Y8950 (MSX-AUDIO)" (PDF). Nippon Gakki (Yamaha). Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  66. ^ Stolz, Axel (1992). The Sound Blaster Book. Abacus. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-55755-164-1. The IBM Music Feature card is one of the original sound cards. This fairly expensive card includes an eight-voice stereo synthesizer and a complete MIDI interface. The heart of this card is the Yamaha YM-2164 sound chip, which can also be found in the Yamaha FB-01 MIDI Expander. Sound generation occurs through an FM synthesizer with multiple control parameters. There are also 240 preprogrammed sounds, including reproductions of traditional musical instruments.
  67. ^ Yamaha LSI: YM3812 FM Operator Type-L II (OPLII) (PDF). Yamaha Corporation. April 1992. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  68. ^ Yamaha LSI: YM2413 OPLL (FM Operator Type-LL) (PDF). Yamaha Corporation. June 1996. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  69. ^ "Yamaha DX7 II-D - Mark II DX7 with Bi-Timbrality and Stereo Outputs". Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  70. ^ "Yamaha TX802 - FM Tone Generator (Rack-Mount DX7-II)". Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  71. ^ a b YM2608 OPNA Application Manual (PDF). Yamaha. 30 June 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  72. ^ "TX81Z FM Tone Generator: Owner's Manual" (PDF). Yamaha. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  73. ^ a b "YM2610 Datasheet" (PDF). Yamaha. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  74. ^ a b "YM2612". Sega Genesis Technical Manual. Sega. February 21, 1992. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  75. ^ "Nuked OPL3 emulator". VOGONS. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  76. ^ Altice, Nathan (2 July 2017). I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform. MIT Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-262-53454-3.
  77. ^ YMF278B: FM + Wave table Synthesizer LSI (OPL4) (PDF). Yamaha Corporation. December 1993. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  78. ^ a b "Sega ST-V Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  79. ^ a b "Sega Model 2A CRX Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  80. ^ a b "Sega Model 2B CRX Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  81. ^ a b "Sega Model 2C CRX Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  82. ^ a b Saturn SCSP User's Manual (PDF). Sega of America. February 24, 1994. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  83. ^ a b "Sega Model 3 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  84. ^ "YMF288". Undocumented Sound Chips. 2015-02-01. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  85. ^ "PC-9821/9801用サウンドボード一覧表" [About the Sound Board for PC-9821 / 9801 Series]. Hamlin's Page (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  86. ^ "YMF701 OPL3-SA: 1 chip OPL3 Audio System". Yamaha Corporation. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  87. ^ "カナダ・Qサウンド社から３次元音像定位ソフトを技術導入 ヤマハPCオーディオLSI『YMF715(OPL3-SA3)』に9月1日からバンドルして出荷" [Introduced 3D Sound Image Localization Software from Q Sound, Canada: Shipped Bundled with Yamaha PC Audio LSI "YMF715 (OPL3-SA3)" from September 1] (in Japanese). Yamaha. July 1997. Archived from the original on 15 August 1997. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  88. ^ "YMU757B (MA-1C) Datasheet". Yamaha. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  89. ^ "YMU759 (MA2)". 3 August 2004. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004.
  90. ^ "MA3 Basic Information". 15 February 2005. Archived from the original on 15 February 2005.
  91. ^ "Yamaha Mobile Audio LSI MA-5". Yamaha. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011.
  92. ^ "YMF825 (SD-1)" (PDF). Yamaha. 19 September 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2018.
  93. ^ "AD1848: Parallel-Port 16-Bit SoundPort Stereo Codec" (PDF). Analog Devices. 1992.
  94. ^ "Console yourself - it's only money". The Independent. 8 January 1996. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  95. ^ "Atari Falcon030 Hardware Reference Guide". Atari Falcon030 Developer Documentation. Atari Corporation. January 25, 1993. p. 20. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  96. ^ Falcon 030 Owner's Manual (PDF). Atari. 1992. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  97. ^ CS4231: Parallel Interface, Multimedia Audio Codec. Crystal Semiconductor Corporation. November 1993. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  98. ^ DT1050 Digitalker: Standard Vocabulary Kit (PDF). National Semiconductor. December 1980. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  99. ^ Morgan, Nelson (1984). Talking Chips. McGraw-Hill. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-07-043107-2. Unlike LPC synthesizers, the Digitalker® was able to dynamically change sample rates at phone boundaries. This allowed fricatives (both voiced and unvoiced) to be played at a 13-kHz sample rate and normal voiced sounds to be played at a 10-kHz rate.
  100. ^ "Irem M27 hardware". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  101. ^ "Sinistar | MAME reviews". Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
  102. ^ "System 16 - Williams/Midway Y Unit Hardware (Midway)". www.system16.com.
  103. ^ "HC-55516/55532: All-Digital Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulator (CVSD)". Harris Semiconductor (Harris Corporation). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  104. ^ "Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio)". Intel. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  105. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (December 7, 2001). "Hardware Behind the Consoles - Part II: Nintendo's GameCube". AnandTech. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  106. ^ "GCN Technical Specifications". Nintendo. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  107. ^ "8364 Paula". Amiga Manual: A500 Plus Service Manual. Commodore. October 1991. pp. 2–12. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  108. ^ "Aminet: mus/play/Play16.lha". aminet.net. 2003-11-09. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  109. ^ "C140". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  110. ^ "Namco C352 custom PCM chip emulation". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  111. ^ "Namco System 22 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  112. ^ "Namco System FL Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  113. ^ "Namco System NB-1 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  114. ^ "Namco System ND-1 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  115. ^ "Namco System 11 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  116. ^ "Namco System 23 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  117. ^ LMC1992 Digitally-Controlled Stereo Tone and Volume Circuit with Four-Channel Input-Selector (PDF). National Semiconductor. December 1994. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  118. ^ "STE Digitized Sound: Developer information". STE Developer Addendum. Atari. May 25, 1989. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  119. ^ "Irem M52 Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  120. ^ "Data East Z80 Based Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  121. ^ "Capcom 68000 Based Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  122. ^ "MSM5205: ADPCM Speech Synthesis LSI" (PDF). Oki Semiconductor. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  123. ^ "MSM6258/MSM6258V: ADPCM Speech Processor For Solid State Recorder" (PDF). Oki Semiconductor. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  124. ^ "MSM6295: 4-Channel Mixing ADPCM Voice Synthesis LSI" (PDF). Oki Semiconductor. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  125. ^ "CPS Hardware (Capcom)". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  126. ^ "PCM Sound Generator IC: RF5C68A". Ricoh. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  127. ^ Mega-CD Hardware Manual: PCM Sound Source (PDF). Sega. October 14, 1991. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  128. ^ Whittle, Robin (2 January 1990). "MT32 Modifications And A Guide To How The MT32 Works" (PDF). Real World Interfaces: Musical Instrument Modifications. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  129. ^ MT-32 Multi Timbre Sound Module: Owner's Manual (PDF). Roland Corporation. 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  130. ^ Russ, Martin (September 1987). "Roland MT-32: Multi-Timbral Expander". Sound on Sound. Vol. 2, no. 11. p. 65. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  131. ^ "Sanyo VLM5030 emulator". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  132. ^ "SegaPCM: Sega 16ch 8bit PCM". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  133. ^ "Sega Space Harrier Hardware". System 16: The Arcade Museum. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  134. ^ Conference Proceedings: Conference, March 15–19 : Expo, March 16–18, San Jose, CA : the Game Development Platform for Real Life. The Conference. 1999. p. 222. The N64's design is built around a Mips R4300i and a single coprocessor called RCP (Reality CoProcessor). This RCP contains not only a "Blitter" that handles the actual drawing, but also a general purpose DSP called RSP (Reality Signal Processor). The RSP is actually very well suited to process both 3D geometry and audio data.
  135. ^ "Nintendo 64: Tech Specs / Under The Hood". Next Generation. No. 24. December 1996. pp. 74–5.
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  137. ^ Mera, Miguel; Sadoff, Ronald; Winters, Ben (25 May 2017). The Routledge Companion to Screen Music and Sound. Taylor & Francis. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-317-39898-1.
  138. ^ Collins, Karen (2008). Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory, and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design. MIT Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-262-03378-7.
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  142. ^ Ang, Terence (2001). "Hardware Gamer: The Console Wars". HWM (Hardware Mag). SPH Magazines. pp. 77–79 (78). ISSN 0219-5607.
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  144. ^ "VGM Player". GitHub. YYxsCnnPP. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.[dead link]
  145. ^ "Yamaha YMW-258-F 'GEW8' (aka Sega 315-5560) emulation". GitHub. MAME. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  146. ^ YMF278B: FM + Wave table Synthesizer LSI (OPL4) (PDF). Yamaha Corporation. December 1993. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  147. ^ YMZ280 (PCMD8) (PDF). Yamaha Corporation. 1996. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  148. ^ Dreamcast Dev.Box System Architecture (PDF). Sega. 1999-09-02. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  149. ^ Hagiwara, Shiro; Oliver, Ian (November–December 1999). "Sega Dreamcast: Creating a Unified Entertainment World". IEEE Micro. 19 (6). IEEE Computer Society: 29–35. doi:10.1109/40.809375. Archived from the original on 2000-08-23. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
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