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El País

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El País
El País newspaper (16 February 2015)
TypeDaily newspaper
FormatCompact
Owner(s)PRISA
Founder(s)
PublisherEdiciones El País, S.L.
Editor-in-chiefPepa Bueno
Associate editorJoaquín Estefanía
Managing editorMonica Ceberio[1]
Founded4 May 1976; 48 years ago (1976-05-04)
Political alignmentCenter-left[2][3][4][5]
LanguageSpanish
Portuguese (online only, discontinued)[6]
Catalan (online only)
English (online only)
HeadquartersMadrid, Spain
Circulation102,750 (2022)
Sister newspapersCinco Días
Diario AS
ISSN0213-4608
Websiteelpais.com
El País headquarters in Madrid

El País (Spanish: [el paˈis] ⓘ; lit. 'The Country') is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain. El País is based in the capital city of Madrid and it is owned by the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA.[7]

It is the second-most circulated daily newspaper in Spain as of December 2017.[8] El País is the most read newspaper in Spanish online and one of the Madrid dailies considered to be a national newspaper of record for Spain (along with El Mundo and ABC).[9] In 2018, its number of daily sales were 138,000.[10]

Its headquarters and central editorial staff are located in Madrid, although there are regional offices in the principal Spanish cities (Barcelona, Seville, Valencia, Bilbao, and Santiago de Compostela) where regional editions were produced until 2015. El País also produces a world edition in Madrid that is available online in English and in Spanish (Latin America).[11]

History

[edit]

El País was founded in May 1976 by a team at PRISA which included Jesus de Polanco, José Ortega Spottorno and Carlos Mendo.[12][13] The paper was designed by Reinhard Gade and Julio Alonso. It was first published on 4 May 1976,[14] six months after the death of dictator Francisco Franco, and at the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy. The first editor-in-chief of the daily was Juan Luis Cebrián.[15]

El País was the first pro-democracy newspaper within a context where all the other Spanish newspapers were influenced by Franco's ideology.[16] The circulation of the paper was 116,600 copies in its first year.[17] It rose to 138,000 copies in 1977.[17]

In 1978, El País suffered a far-right terrorist attack due to political upheaval. Four people were injured, two greatly, and one died. The building also suffered structural damage.[18]

El País filled a gap in the market and became the newspaper of Spanish democracy, for which role El País was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and the Humanities in 1983, at a time when the transition from Franco's dictatorship to democracy was still developing. The paper's first Director (until 1988) was Juan Luis Cebrián, who came from the daily newspaper Informaciones. Like many other Spanish journalists of the time he had worked for Diario Pueblo (meaning People's Daily in English) which was a mouthpiece for the Francoist sindicato vertical.

Its reputation as a bastion of Spanish democracy was established during the attempted coup d'état by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero of the Guardia Civil on 23 February 1981. During the uncertain situation of the night of 23 February 1981, when all members of parliament were held hostage in the Congress building and with tanks on the streets of Valencia, and before the state television station could transmit a speech by King Juan Carlos I condemning the coup, El País published a special edition of the newspaper called 'El País, for the Constitution'. It was the first available daily paper during the situation with a pro-democracy position. It called on citizens to demonstrate in favor of democracy, and was widely discussed in the news media so much so that the director of El País, Juan Luis Cebrián, called the then director of Diario 16, Pedro J. Ramírez, in order to propose that both newspapers work on a joint pro-democracy publication; Ramírez refused, claiming that he would prefer to wait a few hours to see how the situation developed. Diario 16 was not published until after a television broadcast by the king. Along with its commitment to democracy before the attempted coup of 23 February 1981, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's election victory in 1982 with an absolute majority and its open support for the government of Felipe González,[19] meant that El País consolidated its position during the 1980s as the Spanish newspaper with the most sales ahead of the conservative leaning ABC.

In 1986, El País was the recipient of the Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Speech by the Roosevelt Institute.[20]

In 1987, El País received the largest amount of state aid.[21] Both the rigorous journalistic standards and the fact that it was the first Spanish newspaper to establish internal quality control standards have increased the standing of El País. It was also the first Spanish daily to create the role of "Reader's Advocate," and the first to publish a "Style Guide", that has since become a quality benchmark among journalists.[22] El País has also established a number of collaborative agreements with other European newspapers with a social democrat viewpoint. In 1989, El País participated in the creation of a common network of information resources with La Repubblica in Italy and Le Monde in France.

At the beginning of the 1990s, El País had to face a new political and journalistic challenge. The increasing political tensions caused by corruption scandals involving the socialist government of Felipe González polarized both the Spanish political classes and the press of the left and right wings. Since that time both the Partido Popular and the media aligned with it have accused El País and the other companies owned by PRISA.[23][24] along with Sogecable[25][26] of supporting the interests of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). Despite this, El País has managed to maintain its position as the best selling generalist daily in Spain, although its lead over El Mundo has been reduced. Both in 1993 and 1994 it was the best selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 401,258 copies and 408,267 copies, respectively.[27] In the period of 1995–1996 El País had a circulation of 420,934 copies, making it again the best-selling paper in the country.[28]

Since October 2001, an English language supplement of El País has been included in the Spanish version of the International Herald Tribune. This content can also be found on El País' internet site.[29]

In 2001 El País had a circulation of 433,617 copies[30] and it was 435,298 copies next year.[31] The paper had a circulation of 435,000 copies in 2003.[32] On March 11, 2004, Spain suffered Europe's first jihadist terror attack with a nearly simultaneous, coordinated bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004 – three days before Spain's general elections. The day of the attacks, then prime minister José María Aznar, from the ruling conservative party called El País editor in chief Jesús Ceberio and gave him assurances that the attacks had been planned and executed by the Basque terrorist group ETA. Despite having no other confirmation, Ceberio ran a front page blaming ETA for the attack, having to correct course the following day. Ceberio, who would continue as editor for three more years, published an editorial piece accusing Aznar of manipulating him.

El País was awarded the World's Best Designed Newspaper™ for 2006 by the Society for News Design (SND).[33] Based on the findings of the European Business Readership Survey the paper had 14,589 readers per issue in 2006.[34] The circulation of the daily was 425,927 copies between June 2006 and July 2007.[35] On 24 January 2013, El País published a wrong report about the health status of then Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, with photography of an unknown man from a 2008 YouTube video, provided by the news agency Gtres Online and published on the front page of the paper's print edition as a picture of the Venezuelan president.[36]

In August 2019, the newspaper's online edition published an obituary of king Juan Carlos I even though the former monarch was actually recovering from major cardiac surgery. The El País management explained that the article was published due to an "algorithm error."

Positions

[edit]

The paper has criticized figures such as Che Guevara, among others. It impugned Guevara's advocacy of armed struggle.[37]

The 16 February 2012 edition of El País was banned in Morocco due to the publication of a cartoon which, according to the Moroccan authorities, tarnished King Mohammed VI's name.[38]

In January 2018, El País was sentenced to publish a rectification article after the Catalan TV channel TV3 denounced the newspaper for "harming the TV channel's image" with an article which contained "inaccurate data".[39] A similar case happened between El País and the Catalan businessman Jaume Roures, with El País being sentenced after publishing Roures had 250 million Euros in tax havens.[40]

According to a report prepared by the Parliament of the United Kingdom fake news committee written by the nonprofit organization Transparency Toolkit and published in April 2018, El País had published "numerous examples of misinterpretations of data sources, use of inaccurate information, lack of attention to detail and a poor research methodology" regarding the alleged Russian involvement in the Catalan independence referendum. It describes their conclusions as "exceptionally deceptive" and concludes "there may be a temptation to use groundless allegations of fake news to support political argument".[41][42]

On 26 September 2007, the paper published the Bush–Aznar memo, a leaked transcript of a closed-door meeting between U.S. president George W. Bush and Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, shortly before the invasion of Iraq.[43] In 2007 the circulation of El País was about 400,000 copies.[44]

During the premiership of the PSOE's José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, El País published several articles criticizing the policies of the Zapatero government.[45] This provided opportunities for new entrants to represent the dissentient, anti establishment left, such as the appearance of the daily newspaper Público.

The 2008 circulation of El País was 435,000 copies, making it the second most read daily in the country, only after the sport-daily Marca.[46][47] It was 267,000 in April 2014.[44]

In March 2015, El País, together with six other international newspapers, founded an alliance called the Leading European Newspaper Alliance (LENA).[48]

In June 2016, El País Brasil was found in a list of political newspapers that received money from the Workers Party government.[49]

Former editor Soledad Gallego Díaz was brought to court after dismissing five employees for what the accusers maintain were political and ideological reasons.[50]

Editors-in-chief

[edit]

El País has had five editors-in-chief since it was founded in 1976. In February 2014 it was announced that Antonio Caño would be proposed as new editor-in-chief, appointment that was ratified by the Board of Directors and became effective on 3 May 2014. In June 2018, Soledad Gallego-Díaz became the first-ever female editor of El País.[51] Gallego-Díaz was replaced by Javier Moreno in June 2020.[52] In July 2021, Pepa Bueno was appointed as the new editor.[53]

Years Editor-in-chief
1976–1988 Juan Luis Cebrián
1988–1993 Joaquín Estefanía [es]
1993–2006 Jesús Ceberio
2006–2014 Javier Moreno Barber [es]
2014–2018 Antonio Caño
2018–2020 Soledad Gallego-Díaz
2020–2021 Javier Moreno Barber
2021– Pepa Bueno

Appearance

[edit]

The appearance of El País is characterized by its sobriety, in both its treatment of information and its aesthetics. Most pages contain five columns arranged in a neat, clear manner with distinct journalistic sub-categories. Photographs and graphics play a secondary, supporting role to the written word. The newspaper had had the same design from its foundation until the end of 2007, with little change (it previously used only black-and-white (monochrome) photographs, although the current format includes color photographs and more imaginative design, mainly in the varied supplements), and the same Times Roman font.[54]

The newspaper's format was revamped on 21 October 2007 with changes to its printed form, its digital presence on the Internet and the replacement of its historical motto 'Independent morning daily' with 'Global Spanish language newspaper'.[55] The paper began to be published in tabloid format.[56] Other notable changes are the inclusion of the acute accent in its title header and the substitution of Times Roman by "Majerit", a specially-commissioned plain serif font.[57]

Opinion polls cited in El País are all carried out by a separate company called Instituto OPINA.

Electronic edition

[edit]

In the mid-1990s, El País was the second Spanish newspaper to publish an internet edition, El País digital (the first was the Catalan newspaper Avui). On 18 November 2002, it became the first Spanish newspaper to introduce a payment system for access to the contents of its electronic version, which drastically reduced the number of visits to the website, to the extent that El Mundo, which maintained open access to the majority of its contents, became the leading Spanish digital newspaper. After taking this decision El País digital was suspended in 2002 by the Oficina de Justificación de la Difusión for four months because of two serious breaches of OJD regulations.[58] The El País digital website opened again on 3 June 2005 with free access to the majority of the contents. Subscription was required to gain access to multimedia content and to the newspaper's archive.

On 26 November 2013, El País launched a digital edition in Portuguese.

In October 2014, El País launched a digital edition in Catalan.[59]

In February 2021 it ceased distribution of printed versions in European countries outside of Spain.[60]

Supplements

[edit]

El País produces a number of supplements:

  • Wednesdays:
    • Futuro (English: Future), supplement on science.
  • Thursdays:
    • Ciberpaís (English: Cyber Country), supplement on computing and electronics,
    • Icon, monthly supplement for men (from Fall 2013)[61]
    • The New York Times, a Spanish language version of the American original.
  • Fridays:
    • EP[3], previously known as El País de las Tentaciones, (English: The Country of Temptations) youth supplement.
    • Ocio, (English: Leisure) supplement on cultural activities.
  • Saturdays:
    • Babelia, cultural supplement.
    • El Viajero (English: The Traveler), on travel.
  • Sundays:
    • the magazine El País Semanal (English: El País Weekly) previously called EP[S] on fashion, reports and opinion,
    • Negocios (English: Business), financial supplement.

The children's supplement, Pequeño País (English: Small Country), ceased publication in 2009.

A number of publications issued in installments have also been produced throughout its history:

  • Classic and Modern Comics (1987).

Ideological stance

[edit]

The paper's ideology has been defined by a leaning towards Europeanism, progressivism, and social liberalism.[62] Politically, it was situated in the center-left during most of Spain's transition to democracy.[17] It regularly criticized the conservative government of Mariano Rajoy (2011–2018) over corruption scandals, economic performance, and a "do-nothing" approach to the Catalan crisis.[63]

In the late 1970s and 1980s, El País had close connections with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).[19] The paper has repeatedly supported King Juan Carlos I for his contribution to the consolidation of democracy, especially, for his decisive intervention in aborting the coup of 23 February 1981.[64] The paper is characterized by the amount of space it gives to the reporting of international news, culture and information regarding the economy as well as Spanish news. It has specific columnists and contributors from different social backgrounds contributing to the democratic and pro-European editorial line of the newspaper.

Notable contributors

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lucinda Southern (30 January 2017). "How Spanish newspaper El Pais is tackling fake news". Digiday. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  2. ^ Galluzzi, Anna (18 August 2014). Libraries and Public Perception: A Comparative Analysis of the European Press. Chandos Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781843347446.
  3. ^ Blitzer, Jonathan (31 January 2012). "The Future Is Not What It Used to Be: On 'El País'". The Nation. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  4. ^ Tremlett, Giles (4 October 2010). "El País saved as debts rise and sales fall". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ... the country's most powerful media group, which owns the left-leaning El País newspaper ...
  5. ^ Forcada, Daniel (7 June 2016). "'El País' consuma su giro a la derecha y ataca el apoyo mediático de Planeta a Podemos" ['El País' consummates its turn to the right and attacks Planeta's media support to Podemos]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  6. ^ Keila Guimarães (26 November 2013). "El País lança edição digital no Brasil". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015.
  7. ^ "Empresas: La deuda del Grupo Prisa vuelve a superar ya a su valor en Bolsa". 13 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Medios Controlados – OJD". www.ojd.es. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  9. ^ Kassam, Ashifa (25 March 2014). "Media revolution in Spain as readers search for new voices". The Guardian.
  10. ^ "Los 10 principales periódicos españoles bajaron en 2018 sus ventas en el quiosco". 30 January 2019.
  11. ^ "El Pais – Corporativo". El País. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010.
  12. ^ "Bis'El País' Co-founder Mendo Dead at 77". Editor & Publisher. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.[dead link]
  13. ^ Richard Gunther; Jose Ramon Montero; Jose Ignacio Wert (2000). "The media and politics in Spain". In Richard Gunther; Anthony Mughan (eds.). Democracy and the Media: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521777438. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  14. ^ Breve historia de El País Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, El País.
  15. ^ Francisco J. Pérez-Latre; Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero (2003). "Leadership, an essential requirement for effecting change in media companies: An analysis of the Spanish market". International Journal on Media Management. 5 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1080/14241270309390035. S2CID 168023365.
  16. ^ Nuria Almiron; Ana I. Segovia (2012). "Financialization, Economic Crisis, and Corporate Strategies in Top Media Companies: The Case of Grupo Prisa". International Journal of Communication. 6: 2894–2917. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  17. ^ a b c Katrin Voltmer (2006). Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies. Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-415-33779-3. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  18. ^ "Tres empleados de EL PAIS heridos, dos de ellos gravísimamente, al explosionar un paquete-bomba". El País (in Spanish). 30 October 1978. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  19. ^ a b Frank R. Baumgartner; Laura Chaqués Bonafont (2014). "All News is Bad News: Newspaper Coverage of Political Parties in Spain" (PDF). Political Communication. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  20. ^ Four freedoms awards Archived 25 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Roosevelt Institute. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  21. ^ Rosario de Mateo (1989). "The evolution of the newspaper industry in Spain, 1939-87". European Journal of Communication. 4. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  22. ^ For which role El País was awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize for Communication and the Humanities in 1973 Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Eva Cuesta, el penúltimo fichaje del PSOE en PRISA". Artículo de Periodista Digital (24 January 2007).
  24. ^ "Prisa y PSOE se apoyan mutuamente para seguir en el poder: dinero y publicidad a mantas Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine". Artículo de Por Andalucía Libre mencionando declaraciones de El Mundo 7 February 2007.
  25. ^ "Sogecable responde a la llamada del PSOE y pide al Gobierno que Canal+ emita siempre en abierto", Artículo de Libertad Digital, ya solo consultable en TodoInternet.com.
  26. ^ "CC y PSOE prorrogan a Sogecable el contrato de la Televisión Canaria y el PP anuncia que lo impugnará ". Libertad Digital 9 May 2007
  27. ^ "Facts of Spain". Florida International University. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  28. ^ Media Policy: Convergence, Concentration & Commerce. SAGE Publications. 24 September 1998. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4462-6524-6. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  29. ^ "In English". EL PAÍS.
  30. ^ Jagdeep S. Chhokar; Felix C. Brodbeck; Robert J. House (17 June 2013). Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. Routledge. p. 644. ISBN 978-1-135-70380-6. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  31. ^ David Ward (2004). "A Mapping Study of Media Concentration and Ownership in Ten European Countries" (PDF). Dutch Media Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  32. ^ Roland Schroeder (2004). "Interactive Info Graphics in Europe-- added value to online mass media: a preliminary survey". Journalism Studies. 5 (4): 563–570. doi:10.1080/14616700412331296473. S2CID 144687383.
  33. ^ "World's Best-Designed winners (2006)". Society for News Design. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  34. ^ Craig Carroll (1 September 2010). Corporate Reputation and the News Media: Agenda-setting Within Business News Coverage in Developed, Emerging, and Frontier Markets. Routledge. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-135-25244-1. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  35. ^ Andrea Czepek; Melanie Hellwig; Eva Nowak (2009). Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions. Intellect Books. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-84150-243-4. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  36. ^ EL PAÍS retira una falsa foto de Hugo Chávez | Internacional|El País 24 January 2013.
  37. ^ Caudillo Guevara, editorial de El País, 10 October 2007.

    ... Che Guevara [..] belonged to that sinister saga of tragic heroes, still present in the terrorist movements of various types, from the nationalists to the Jihadists, who try to hide the fact they are assassins by claiming to be martyrs, prolonging the old prejudice inherited from Romanticism. The fact that Che Guevara gave his life and sacrificed those of many others does not improve his ideas, that drink from the springs of one of the great totalitarian systems. [..] the only attestable contribution of the insurgent followers of Guevara to Latin American politics was to offer new alibis to the authoritarian tendencies that were germinating on the continent. Thanks to his armed challenge, the right-wing military dictators could present themselves as a lesser evil, if not a inevitable requisite opposing another symmetrical military dictatorship, such as that led by Castro [..] In the four decades that have passed since his death, the Latin American left and, of course, that in Europe, has completely expedited his goals and fanatical methods. To the point where today the only people who commemorate the date of his execution in La Higuera are the governments that subjugate the Cubans or those that invoke Simón Bolívar in their populist harangues.
  38. ^ "Morocco bans Spanish paper over royal cartoon". Doha Center for Media Freedom. 19 February 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  39. ^ "El País, condenado a publicar una rectificación por un artículo crítico con TV3". Ver Tele (in European Spanish). 11 January 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  40. ^ "'El País', obligado a publicar otra vez la rectificación sobre las cuentas de Roures que falseó". Público (in European Spanish). 11 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  41. ^ Meseguer, Marina (20 April 2018). "Un informe para el comité británico sobre 'fake news' tumba la teoría de la "injerencia rusa" en la crisis catalana". La Vanguardia (in European Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  42. ^ "Un informe encarregat pel parlament britànic trinxa la manipulació d'El País sobre les 'notícies falses' de Catalunya". VilaWeb (in Catalan). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  43. ^ "El País on Bush, Aznar, and Iraq". Harper's Magazine. September 2007.
  44. ^ a b Anne Penketh; Philip Oltermann; Stephen Burgen (12 June 2014). "European newspapers search for ways to survive digital revolution". The Guardian. Paris, Berlin, Barcelona. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  45. ^ "El País critica al Gobierno y destaca el "desánimo" en el PSOE con Zapatero". Libertad Digital. 14 September 2009.
  46. ^ "Principales periódicos por lectores diarios España 2018 - Estadística".
  47. ^ Alan Albarran (10 September 2009). Handbook of Spanish Language Media. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-135-85430-0. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  48. ^ Friedrich, Svenja (10 March 2015). "Leading European Newspaper Alliance: European newspapers establish joint network". Die Welt. Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019.
  49. ^ Catarina Alencastro; Paulo Celso Pereira (18 June 2016). "Temer suspende patrocínio de R$ 11 milhões para blogs políticos". O Globo. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  50. ^ "El juez aplaza el juicio por los despidos en el País por la incomparecencia de la directora". 30 January 2019.
  51. ^ Jones, Sam (8 June 2018). "Spain's el País newspaper appoints first female editor". The Guardian.
  52. ^ "'El País' relleva Soledad Gallego-Díaz com a directora i reincorpora Javier Moreno". El Món. 15 June 2020.
  53. ^ "Pepa Bueno, nueva directora de El País, culmina el giro de Prisa". El Mundo. 27 July 2021.
  54. ^ "Unos buenos tipos". El País 14 October 2007.
  55. ^ "El País será el periódico global en español", El País (9 October 2007)
  56. ^ Jesús del-Olmo-Barbero; Sonia Parratt-Fernández (2011). "Typography and colour: A comparative analysis of the free and paid-for newspapers in Spain". Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social (66). Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  57. ^ "Majerit - Feliciano Type Foundry". Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  58. ^ "La OJD sanciona con cuatro meses de expulsión a El País Digital por faltas graves". ABC. 24 July 2002.
  59. ^ EL PAÍS launches digital edition published in Catalan language, El País, 6 October 2014
  60. ^ Verónica Jiménez (16 February 2021). "El País deja de publicar la edición impresa para Europa". www.elconfidencialdigital.com. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  61. ^ "El Pais to launch new men's magazine Icon". Publicitas. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  62. ^ Antonovica, Arta (14 July 2012). Comunicación e imagen de los países bálticos en España a través de la técnica del discurso periodístico. Librería-Editorial Dykinson. p. 111. ISBN 9788490315453.
  63. ^ Cué, Carlos E. (16 November 2014). "Rajoy sobre Cataluña: "Tendré que explicar mejor mis razones" - España - EL PAÍS". El País. politica.elpais.com. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  64. ^ "Injurias a la Corona". Editorial de El País (28 July 2007).
  65. ^ "El dibujante chileno Fernando Krahn muere en Barcelona", El Periódico (in Spanish), 18 February 2010

Further reading

[edit]
  • Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 238–41
[edit]
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